Ploidy
Ploidy is a term from genetics and cell biology. It is used to indicate the number of chromosome sets in a cell. Most eukaryotes have either one set (called haploid) or two sets (called diploid). Some other organisms are polyploid, they have more than two sets of chromosomes. Some amphibians are triploid, with three sets. The endosperm cells in the seeds of many plants are also triploid. Some kinds of trout or salmon have four sets (tetraploid). Other examples:
- wheat: 6 sets (hectaploid)
- certain sturgeons: 8 sets (octoploid)
- strawberries: 8 sets (octoploid)
- plumed cockscomb (a plant, Celosia argentea): 12 sets (dodecaploid)
- Bryophytes: body has one set; sporophyte has two sets.
Sex cells (gametes) are almost always haploid. If the reproductive stage (adult) is polyploid, then the gametes will have half the ploidy number of chromosomes.
There are some variations of ploidy which are not discussed here. Some plant species with certain types of polyploidy do not use sexual reproduction, but survive with asexual methods.
Polyploidy
Polyploidy occurs in cells and organisms when there are more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.
Most organisms are normally diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes — one set inherited from each parent. Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division. It is most commonly found in plants, but it does sometimes happen in animals.[1] Some estimates suggest that 30-80% of living plant species are polyploid, and many lineages show evidence of ancient polyploidy (paleopolyploidy) in their genomes.[2] Huge increases in angiosperm (flowering plants) diversity have coincided with the timing of ancient genome duplications shared by many species.[3] 15% of angiosperm and 31% of fern speciation events are accompanied by ploidy increase.[4][5]
Polyploid plants arise spontaneously in nature. Many polyploids are fitter than their parental species, and may display novel variation or morphologies that contribute to speciation and eco-niche exploitation.[6][7][8]
Polyploidy may occur in one generation, and is an exception to the principle that evolution occurs gradually. There may, however, be many genetic changes in the species after polyploidy has taken place.
Gametes
The gametes of polyploids are unusual, because they may carry several sets of chromosomes. For example, common wheat is a polyploid with six sets of chromosomes, two sets coming originally from each of three different species. So there are six sets of chromosomes in most cells, and three sets of chromosomes in the gametes.
Related pages
- Aneuploidy, one or a few chromosomes more or less than the usual number in the species.
References
- ↑ Gregory T.R. & Mable, B.K. 2005. Polyploidy in animals. In The evolution of the genome. ed T.R. Gregory. Elsevier, San Diego. 427–517.
- ↑ Cui L, Wall PK, Leebens-Mack JH; et al. (June 2006). "Widespread genome duplications throughout the history of flowering plants". Genome Res. 16 (6): 738–49. doi:10.1101/gr.4825606. PMC 1479859. PMID 16702410.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Otto SP, Whitton J (2000). "Polyploid incidence and evolution". Annu. Rev. Genet. 34: 401–437. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.401. PMID 11092833.
- ↑ Wood, Troy E. et al. 2009. The frequency of polyploid speciation in vascular plants. PNAS 106, 32
- ↑ Tate J.A. Soltis D.E. & Soltis P.S. 2005. Polyploidy in plants. In The Evolution of the Genome ed T.R. Gregory. Elsevier, San Diego. 371–426.
- ↑ White M.J.D. 1973. The chromosomes. 6th ed, Chapman & Hall, London. p28
- ↑ Stebbins G.L. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. Chapter XII: The Karyotype. Columbia University Press N.Y.
- ↑ Comai L (November 2005). "The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid". Nat. Rev. Genet. 6 (11): 836–46. doi:10.1038/nrg171110.1038/nrg1711. PMID 16304599.