Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
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The Eleventh Amendment (Amendment XI) to the United States Constitution was passed by Congress on March 4, 1794 and ratified by the states on February 7, 1795. It deals with each state's sovereign immunity and was adopted to overrule the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia.[1]
Text
The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.[2]
Lawsuits against states
The idea of sovereign immunity originated in English common law.[3] It was also proposed by political theorists like Thomas Hobbes and Jean Bodin.[3] The founding fathers of the Constitution were aware of the traditional doctrine that states were immune from private lawsuits.[3] Several Anti-Federalists were afraid that Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which declares that the federal judicial power extends to suits "between a State and Citizens of another State", would override that doctrine.[3]
The Eleventh Amendment was a direct reaction to an unpopular ruling by the Supreme Court in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793). In Chisholm the Court said federal courts had the power to hear lawsuits brought by citizens against US states.[4] Also, that states were not immune to these cases.[4] The Eleventh Amendment reversed this decision and does not allow cases brought against a state by a citizen of another state or country.[4] It says nothing about a citizen bringing a suit against their own state.[4]
In Ex parte Young, the Supreme Court decision allowed suits in federal courts against officials acting on behalf of states of the union to proceed despite the State's sovereign immunity, when the State acted unconstitutionally.[5]
The Eleventh Amendment is one of five amendments that overturned earlier Supreme Court decisions.[6]
Eleventh Amendment To The United States Constitution Media
The Eleventh Amendment in the National Archives
References
- ↑ "Annotation 1 - Eleventh Amendment - State Immunity". FindLaw. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
- ↑ "The Eleventh Amendment". National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Suits Against a State". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Eleventh Amendment". Law.com. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ↑ Rochelle Bobroff (2013). "8.1 enforcing federal rights against states and state officials". Shriver Center. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ↑ Lawrence K. Furbish (25 September 1996). "OLR Research Report". The Connecticut General Assembly. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.