Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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Adopted on March 30, 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution granted African-American men the right to vote.[1] It was one of the Reconstruction Amendments.
Text
Section 1.
"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
Section 2."The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."[2]
Background
Nowhere in the original Constitution or the Bill of Rights were Americans given the right to vote.[3] The Fifteenth Amendment gave African-American men the right to vote. But not until the 1960s did judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment conclude the right to vote was a fundamental right of all citizens.[a][3]
The reasons behind the omissions of voting rights in the Bill of Rights and Constitution is that including them would have been too controversial at the time.[3] Each state had different rules for who could vote. Some allowed free blacks the right to vote.[3] Others allowed women the right to vote.[3] A few states required ownership of property in order to vote.[3]
In the Election of 1868, Republican Party candidate, Ulysses S. Grant, won the presidency by only a narrow majority of the popular vote.[5] He received support from free black voters in the South. Without that support, he probably would have lost the election.[5] At the time blacks could not vote in the Northern states.[5] The Republican party needed help to stay in power and thought that black votes would help.[5] At the time Republicans controlled both the Senate and House. The proposed amendment was passed by Congress in 1869 and sent to the states for ratification.[5] It was quickly ratified by three-quarters of the states in early 1870.[5] Part of the reason why is that Republicans also controlled the state governments in the South.[5] Southern Democrats were not able to block the measure.[5]
Results
After passage, the Fifteenth Amendment did not have much of any impact on black voting in the South for nearly a century.[6] Southerners used various methods including terrorism, poll taxes and grandfather clauses[b] to prevent blacks from voting.[6] Congress and the Supreme Court repeatedly struck down voting restrictions. For example, in a landmark decision in Smith v. Allwright (1944), The Court decision made it unconstitutional to keep African-Americans from voting in a Democratic Party primary in Texas.[8] Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 which stated that all Americans had the right to vote, including African-Americans. But overcoming these problems on a case-by-case basis was proving to be unsuccessful.[9] As soon as one form of discrimination was stopped, a new one appeared in its place.[9] The Voting Rights Act of 1965, removed further barriers to minorities voting. It was amended five times by Congress to extend its protections as needed.[9]
Fifteenth Amendment To The United States Constitution Media
The Fifteenth Amendment in the National Archives
"The First Vote" by Alfred R. Waud (Harper's Weekly, 1867) depicting African Americans casting ballots
An 1869 Thomas Nast cartoon supporting the Fifteenth Amendment. In the cartoon, Americans of different ancestries and ethnic backgrounds sit together at a dinner table with Columbia to enjoy a Thanksgiving meal as equal members of the American citizenry, while Uncle Sam carves a turkey.
1870 print celebrating the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment in February 1870, and the post Civil War political empowerment of African Americans
Voter registration card, Alamance County, North Carolina, 1902, with statement from registrant of birth before January 1, 1867, when the Fifteenth Amendment became law
President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
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Notes
- ↑ Women were guaranteed the right to vote by the Nineteenth Amendment, ratified on August 18, 1920.[4]
- ↑ First used in Louisiana in 1898, the "grandfather clause" simply meant that a person, his father or grandfather, who could vote before 1867, could skip literacy tests, poll taxes, or other measures used to prevent blacks from voting.[7] Because no blacks could vote before 1867, it effectively prevented them from voting. Grandfather clauses were designed to get around Northern Congressmen and the Supreme Court.[7]
References
- ↑ "Fifteenth Amendment". History?A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ↑ "The Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11-27". The National Archives. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Richard H. Pildes; Bradley A. Smith. "The Fifteenth Amendment". National Constitutional Center. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote". The National Archives. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 "Background of the 15th Amendment". u-s-history.com. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "15th Amendment". Scholastic Inc. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Grandfather Clause, The (1898–1915)". BlackPast.org#sthash.Oio0gXmW.dpuf. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ↑ "Smith vs. Allwright: white primaries". The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "History of Federal Voting Rights Laws". U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 4 March 2016.