Enigma machine
The Enigma machine was created for Germany by Arthur Scherbius in World War I. It is a cypher machine: changing the letters of a message so that it appears to be random letters. Enigmas were among the most-used kind of cypher machines for the German military in World War II.
Each time a letter is typed, it appears as another letter in the alphabet. The choices are not random. They are decided by a series of rotors which are set each day to a different starting set-up. Every press of a key turns the rotors to a new position.
German military messages done on the Enigma machine were first broken by the Polish Cipher Bureau, beginning in December 1932. Later, they designed mechanical devices for breaking Enigma cyphers. From 1938 more complexity was added to the Enigma machines, making decryption more difficult.
On 25 July 1939, in Warsaw, the Poles showed French and British intelligence agents their cryptanalysis of the Enigma, and promised each delegation a Polish-built Enigma. The demonstration was a vital start for the later British work at Bletchley Park.
- "Hut 6 Ultra would never have got off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details both of the German military version of the commercial Enigma machine, and of the operating procedures that were in use". Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story, 1982, p. 289.
During the invasion of Poland (1939) the Polish codebreakers were sent to France for safety. Later, they fled to Britain. Making technical improvements, British codebreakers solved a vast number of messages from Enigma, and gave the plaintext to military staff. The information gained from this team, called "Ultra" by the British, was a great help to the Allied war effort. Ultra also included decrypts of other German, Italian and Japanese cyphers and codes, including the cypher of the German High Command.
Mistakes by German operators helped the cryptanalysis of Luftwaffe Enigmas, and the British capture of key tables and a machine from a German submarine helped in cracking Navy ones.[1][2]
On 15th July 2011, Queen Elizabeth II visited Bletchley Park, where the machine is kept in the Museum, to pay tribute to those who worked there, since they cut short the war by breaking the cyphers of Nazi Germany.[3]
Enigma Machine Media
Military Model Enigma I, in use from 1930
A memorial in Bydgoszcz, Poland, to Marian Rejewski, the mathematician who, in 1932, first broke Enigma and, in July 1939, helped educate the French and British about Polish methods of Enigma decryption
- For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme.
The scrambling action of Enigma's rotors is shown for two consecutive letters with the right-hand rotor moving one position between them.
Enigma rotor assembly. In the Enigma I, three movable rotors are sandwiched between two fixed wheels: the entry wheel, on the right, and the reflector on the left.
Three Enigma rotors and the shaft, on which they are placed when in use
Two Enigma rotors showing electrical contacts, stepping ratchet (on the left) and notch (on the right-hand rotor opposite D)
Internal mechanism of an Enigma machine showing the type B reflector and rotor stack
Enciphering and deciphering using an Enigma machine
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References
- ↑ Kahn, David 1991. Seizing the Enigma: the race to break the German U-Boats codes, 1939-1943. ISBN 0-395-42739-8
- ↑ Welchman, Gordon 1997. The Hut Six story: breaking the Enigma codes. Cleobury Mortimer, England: Baldwin. New edition updated with an addendum consisting of a 1986 paper written by Welchman which corrects aspects of his 1982 edition. ISBN 978-0-947712-34-1
- ↑ "Queen salutes heroes of Bletchley Park 70 years after they cracked code that helped win World War Two | Mail Online". Dailymail.co.uk. 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2011-10-28.