Funan
Funan (Chinese: 扶南; pinyin: Fúnán; Khmer: ហ៊្វូណន, <span title="Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/ISO 639 override' not found. transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"> Hvunân [fuːnɑːn]; Vietnamese: Phù Nam, Chu Han: 夫南) was an ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia. This kingdom existed from the 1st to the 7th century CE.
Funan ហ៊្វូណន | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 68–627 | |||||||
 | |||||||
| Capital | Vyādhapūra | ||||||
| Common languages | Proto-Malay (common), Sanskrit (religious) | ||||||
| Religion | Hinduism, Buddhism and Khmer Animism | ||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||
| Historical era | Classical Antiquity | ||||||
• | 68 | ||||||
• | 627 | ||||||
| Currency | Native coins | ||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | |||||||
General
Most texts written about this subject was written by foreign travelers. As a result, information about this ancient kingdom is often disputed.[1]
Etymology
George Cœdès[Author 1] thinks that the word Funan came from the word Bnaṃ or Vnaṃ in old Khmer. The modern Khmer word Phnom (meaning mountain or hill) came from this word.[2][3][4] Claude Jacques,[Author 2] however, disputes this theory. He pointed out that there is a wrong translation of the Sanskrit word Parvatabùpála as Bnaṃ.[5] There is no ancient Khmer text found using this word to refer to this kingdom.[6]
There are other explanations on how the word was formed. Claude Jacques believes the Chinese created this name because they likes to add 南 ("nan") to refer to regions "to the south" (Yunnan, Hainan, ...).[7]
Capital
The exact location of the capital is not known. The Book of Liang said the capital is 500 li (250 kilometers) from the sea,[8] so it might be in Ba Phnom (Cambodian province of Prey Veng), Angkor Borei (in the Cambodian province of Takeo) or Óc Eo (now in Vietnam).[9]
George Cœdès believes the name of the capital is Vyadhapura (city of hunters) because Angkorian texts described about it.[10] The Book of Tang also recorded the word Témú (old Khmer Dalmāk) which also means hunter. But Michael Vickery disputes this claim because of two reasons. First, the two words have different meaning. The Vyadhapura killed the animal, but the Dalmāk brought the animal home alive. Second, the word Dalmāk appeared for the first time in the ninth or early tenth century,[11] and the word Témú appeared in Chinese texts for the first time in the sixth century (Funan: 1st—7th century).
Notes and References
Authors cited
- ↑ George Cœdès (1886 - 1969): French epigraphist and archaeologist
- ↑ Claude Jacques: French archaeologist and epigraphist, member of the French School of the Far East and specialist of the pre-Angkorian and Angkorian periods
Funan Media
The archeological site of Go Cay Thi, Oc Eo
The archaeological site of Go Thap Muoi, Đồng Tháp
A statue of Queen Soma
Ruins of Nam Linh Son, Oc Eo
Bodhisattva Lokeshvara of Phnom Da style (7th century), Mỹ Tho. Guimet Museum
A temple at the archaeological site of Angkor Borei
Oc Eo Culture Gallery, Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com.
A view of Mount Ba The, Oc Eo, An Giang Province, Vietnam
Envoy of Funan (扶南國) to the Liang dynasty. Part of "Entrance of the Foreign Visitors of Emperor Yuan of Liang" (梁元帝番客入朝圖) by the painter Gu Deqian (顧德謙) of the Southern Tang dynasty (937–976 CE).
_526-539_CE.png)
References
- ↑ Michael Vickery , “ Funan reviewed : Deconstructing the Ancients”, Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient, vol. 90-91, 2003 (ISSN 1760-737X, DOI 10.3406/befeo.2003.3609)
- ↑ Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient (2005). "Bulletin de l'Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient". Bulletin de l'Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient (in French). ISSN 1760-737X. OCLC 299501127.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ George Cœdès, Histoire ancienne des États hindouisés d'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi, 1944, p. 44-45
- ↑ Cœdès, George (1989). Les états hindouisés d'Indochine et d'Indonésie. Impr. de Boccard ([Reprod. en fac-sim.] ed.). Paris: De Boccard. ISBN 2-7018-0046-3. OCLC 462829550.
- ↑ Claude., Jacques. "Funan", "Zhenla" : the reality concealed by these Chinese views of Indochina. pp. 371–375. OCLC 911555129.
- ↑ Michael Vickery, « Funan reviewed : Deconstructing the Ancients », pp. 132–133
- ↑ Jacques, Claude. "Funan", "Zhenla": the reality concealed by these Chinese views of Indochina. pp. 371–378. OCLC 911555129.
- ↑ Pelliot, Paul (1903). "Le Fou-nan". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 3 (1): 248–303. doi:10.3406/befeo.1903.1216.
- ↑ Dagens, Bruno, ... (2002). Les Khmers. Normandie roto impr.). Paris: Les Belles lettres. p. 23. ISBN 2-251-41020-1. OCLC 470406062.
- ↑ Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia. Canberra: Australian National University Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-8248-0071-0. OCLC 38907.
- ↑ Vickery, Michael (1999). The Khmer inscriptions of Roluos (Preah Koh and Lolei) : documents for a transitional period in Cambodian history. Seksa Khmer. p. 74.
