Grand Canal (China)
The Grand Canal or Dayunhe or Jing–Hang Grand Canal (Chinese: 京杭大运河; pinyin: Jīng-Háng Dà Yùnhé; literally: "Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal") is the longest and oldest canal and artificial river in the world.[1]
| Grand Canal of China | |
|---|---|
| Specifications | |
| Length | 1,794 km (1,115 miles) |
| History | |
| Construction began | Sui dynasty |
| Geography | |
| Start point | Beijing |
| End point | Hangzhou |
| Connects to | Hai River, Yellow River, Huai River, Yangzi River, Qiantang River |
| Official name | The Grand Canal |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, iii, iv, vi |
| Designated | 2014 (38th session) |
| Reference no. | 1443 |
| State Party | China |
| Region | Asia-Pacific |
| Grand Canal | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 130px | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| "Grand Canal" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 大运河 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 大運河 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Great Transport River" | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 京杭大运河 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 京杭大運河 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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It starts in Beijing; passes through Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang; and ends in Hangzhou.
It connects China's two longest rivers: the Yellow River and Yang zi river
The oldest parts of the canal were built during the 5th century BC.
The Sui dynasty (581–618 AD) added some other parts. Between 1271–1633, the Yuan dynasty (through Guo Shoujing and others) and the Ming dynasty improved it and built parts to direct water to Beijing.
The total length is 1,776 km (1,104 mi). Its greatest height is 42 m (138 ft) near the Shandong mountains.[2]
Song Dynasty (960–1279) engineer Qiao Weiyue invented the pound lock in the 10th century. This allowed ships to travel higher and lower through the canal.[3]
The canal amazed many people throughout history including Japanese monk Ennin (794–864), Persian historian Rashid al-Din (1247–1318), Korean official Choe Bu (1454–1504), and Italian missionary Matteo Ricci (1552–1610).[4][5]
Historically, flooding of the Yellow River threatened to break the canal. During wartime the canal was even used as a weapon: the dikes of the Yellow River were sometimes broken to flood the enemy troops. But this caused disasters and hurt the economy.
The Canal has greatly improved China's economy and increased trade between the north and south. It is still used heavily to this day.
It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Grand Canal (China) Media
The Grand Canal, under Sui and Tang dynasties.
The invention of the water-level-adjusting pound lock in the 10th century was done in response to the necessity of greater safety for the travel of barge ships along the rougher waters of the Grand Canal.
The Chinese invention of the pound lock system allows for water levels to be raised or lowered to improve travel in the canal.
The Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) restored the Grand Canal in the Ming era.
- VESSELS PASSING THROUGH A SLUICE.jpg
Grand Canal. Drawing by William Alexander, draughtsman of the Macartney Embassy to China in 1793.
- 清 徐揚 等 乾隆南巡圖 （第六卷﹕大運河至蘇州） 卷-The Qianlong Emperor's Southern Inspection Tour, Scroll Six- Entering Suzhou along the Grand Canal MET DP105240 CRD.jpg
The Qianlong Emperor's Southern Inspection Tour, Scroll Six: Entering Suzhou along the Grand Canal dated 1770.
- Yangzhou-Modern-Grand-Canal-boats-3353.JPG
Barges on the modern Grand Canal ("Li Canal" section) near Yangzhou
- Gcjiangnan1.JPG
Author - Tomtom08, user's own work 2006.
- Grand Canal, tour boats, Suzhou, China.jpg
Grand Canal tour boats, Suzhou
- Gcjining.JPG
Author - Tomtom08, Spring 2006, user's own work.
References
- ↑ Hutchinson's Encyclopedia Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine, Encarta[dead link]. 2009-10-31.
- ↑ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 307.
- ↑ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 350–352
- ↑ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 308 & 313.
- ↑ Brook, 40–51.