Hideki Tōjō
Hideki Tojo (東條 英機, Tōjō Hideki; pronounced [toːʑoː çideki]; 30 December 1884 – 23 December 1948) was a Japanese military commander and statesman who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1941 to 1944 during the Second World War. A staunch ultranationalist and believer in imperial expansion, he exercised authoritarian control over the government and military. His tenure was characterized by aggressive warfare, state-sponsored violence, and mass atrocities committed across Asia and the Pacific under the banner of Japanese nationalism. He held high court rank and various military decorations, reflecting his prominence within the establishment of the Empire of Japan.
Tojo Hideki | |
|---|---|
東條 英機 | |
 | |
| Prime Minister of Japan | |
| In office 17 October 1941 – 22 July 1944 | |
| Monarch | Shōwa |
| Preceded by | Fumimaro Konoe |
| Succeeded by | Kuniaki Koiso |
| Minister of War | |
| In office 22 July 1940 – 22 July 1944 | |
| Monarch | Shōwa |
| Prime Minister | Fumimaro Konoe (1940–1941) Himself (1941–1944) |
| Preceded by | Shunroku Hata |
| Succeeded by | Hajime Sugiyama |
| Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office | |
| In office 21 February 1944 – 18 July 1944 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Hajime Sugiyama |
| Succeeded by | Yoshijirō Umezu |
| Personal details | |
| Born | December 30, 1884 Kōjimachi ward, Tokyo, Japan |
| Died | December 23, 1948 (aged 63) Sugamo Prison, Tokyo, Japan[a] |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging[1] |
| Political party | Imperial Rule Assistance Association (1940–1945) |
| Other political affiliations | Independent (before 1940) |
| Spouse(s) | Katsuko Ito
(m. 1909) |
| Children | 3 sons, 4 daughters |
| Mother | Chitose Tojo |
| Father | Hidenori Tojo |
| Alma mater | |
| Awards | |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Empire of Japan |
| Branch/service |  Imperial Japanese Army |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | Kwantung Army (1932–1934) |
| Battles/wars | |
| Criminal details | |
| Target | Chinese, Koreans, Indochinese, Indonesians, Allied POWs |
| Victims | Tens of millions |
| Period | 1941–1944 |
| Penalty | Capital punishment |
| Imprisoned | Sugamo Prison |
Born in Tokyo into a military and samurai family,[2] Tojo followed his father's profession by attending the Imperial Japanese Army Academy, embarking on a career in the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) in 1905. In 1909, he married named Katsuko Ito. They had seven children: three sons and four daughters.[3]
He studied at the Army War College, and his strong ideological views aligned him with hardline factions within the officer corps. From 1919 to 1922, Tojo served as a military attaché in Germany, gaining exposure to European military doctrine. He steadily rose through the ranks, becoming a general in 1934. In March 1937, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Kwantung Army in Manchukuo, where he directed operations against Chinese forces in Inner Mongolia and the Chahar-Suiyuan region. Recalled to Tokyo in 1938, he became Vice Minister of War, and by July 1940 he assumed the role of Minister of War under Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe.
As Japan moved closer to full-scale conflict with Western powers, Tojo emerged as one of the most vocal advocates for a preemptive strike against the United States, Britain, and their allies, arguing that Japan's imperial destiny required military confrontation. On 17 October 1941, he replaced Konoe as Prime Minister and simultaneously held key cabinet positions, including War Minister and Home Minister, which allowed him near-total control over Japan's conduct of the war. Under his leadership, Japan launched the attack on Pearl Harbor and rapidly expanded its empire across Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces (IJAF) expanded into their newly occupied territories their usual war crimes — including the systematic mistreatment, forced labor, starvation, and killing of prisoners of wars (POWs) and civilians.
By 1944, as Japan faced devastating defeats and the collapse of its military position, Tojo was forced to resign on 18 July. After Japan accepted unconditional surrender in August 1945, he attempted suicide but survived, only to be arrested by Allied forces.[4] He was subsequently tried before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) on multiple counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Convicted and sentenced to death, Tojo was executed by hanging on 23 December 1948. His role in Japan's wartime government, his advocacy for aggressive expansion, and his responsibility for the brutal conduct of the war made him one of the most infamous figures of the early Shōwa era, during the reign of Emperor Hirohito.[5]
Hideki Tōjō Media
Young Hideki Tojo.
Tojo as a lieutenant general
Ministers of the first Tojo Cabinet, October 1941
Tojo covers Shashin Shūhō, a Japanese magazine published by the Cabinet Intelligence Bureau, on December 2, 1942, days before the first anniversary of the Greater East Asia War.
Tojo lands in Nichols Field, an airfield south of Manila, for a state visit to the Philippines.
Wang Jingwei of the Japanese-sponsored puppet government in Nanjing meeting with Tojo in 1942
The Greater East Asia Conference in November 1943, participants left to right: Ba Maw, Zhang Jinghui, Wang Jingwei, Hideki Tojo, Wan Waithayakon, José P. Laurel, Subhas Chandra Bose.
Tojo meets with Vice Minister of Munitions Nobusuke Kishi, who later became a prime minister in postwar Japan.
Arrival of Prime Minister Tōjō on Japanese-occupied Java in a propaganda film, January 1943
Tojo inspecting an airfield in Kuching in occupied British Borneo, July 1943
Notes
- ↑ Japan was under Allied occupation at the time of Tojo's death.
References
- ↑ Yenne, p. 337.
- ↑ Baudot, Marcel. The Historical encyclopedia of World War II. p. 455.
- ↑ Baudot, Marcel. The Historical encyclopedia of World War II. p. 455.
- ↑ Toland, John. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945. p. 871–872.
- ↑ "Japanese war crimes trial begins". History. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
Other websites
Media related to Hideki Tōjō at Wikimedia Commons