James Madison
James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was a Founding Father and the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He was also the most important author of the United States Constitution and a slaveowner with a big plantation.[1] Madison was the shortest president, with a height of 5 feet 4 inches (1.63 meters).[2]
James Madison | |
|---|---|
(c).jpg) Portrait by John Vanderlyn, 1816 | |
| 4th President of the United States | |
| In office March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817 | |
| Vice President |
|
| Preceded by | Thomas Jefferson |
| Succeeded by | James Monroe |
| 5th United States Secretary of State | |
| In office May 2, 1801 – March 3, 1809 | |
| President | Thomas Jefferson |
| Preceded by | John Marshall |
| Succeeded by | Robert Smith |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia | |
| In office March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1797 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | George Hancock (5th) John Dawson (15th) |
| Constituency | 5th district (1789–1793) 15th district (1793–1797) |
| Delegate from Virginia to the Congress of the Confederation | |
| In office November 6, 1786 – October 30, 1787 | |
| Preceded by | Seat established |
| Succeeded by | Cyrus Griffin |
| In office March 1, 1781 – November 1, 1783 | |
| Preceded by | Seat established |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Jefferson |
| Personal details | |
| Born | March 16, 1751 Port Conway, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | June 28, 1836 (aged 85) Montpelier, Virginia, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic-Republican |
| Height | 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) |
| Spouse(s) | Dolley Todd Madison |
| Religion | Episcopal Church |
| Signature |  |
Family
James Madison Jr. was the eldest son of Col. James Madison Sr. and Nellie Conway Madison.
Madison married Dolley Todd (née Payne) on April 18, 1794.[3]
Political life
Madison started his career in the Virginia state legislature. Madison learned many things from Thomas Jefferson. Madison wanted a stronger federal government of the United States than the Articles of Confederation provided. He was a member of the meeting that formed the current United States Constitution. Madison is called the "Father of the Constitution" because he helped write a large part of it and persuaded people that it was a good one.
Madison was elected to the United States House of Representatives. Madison helped write the first laws for the United States. Madison also was the main writer of the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.
Madison and Jefferson were good friends and helped create the Democratic-Republican Party who wanted a weak federal government.
Madison was selected by Jefferson to be his Secretary of State.[4]
Presidency
Madison was selected by his political party to be the Democratic-Republican candidate for president in 1808. He won that election and the next election in 1812.[5]
The War of 1812 started while Madison was president. Madison still hoped for peace, but Congress wanted war so he gave in and approved a declaration of war against Britain on June 18, 1812. People who still wanted peace called it "Mr Madison's War". Madison and his family were forced to flee in 1814 when British forces seized control of Washington D.C and burned the White House, and many other buildings, to the ground. Dolley Madison, his wife, famously saved a portrait of George Washington from the fire.[6]
The war caused Madison to want a stronger government than he had before. While he originally was against a national bank, he realized that it was necessary and it was necessary for funding a war. When the charter of the national bank expired, Madison renewed it.[7]
Later life
Madison retired to Virginia after his second term. Madison died on June 28, 1836.[8]
James Madison Media
Virginia historic marker for Birthplace of President James Madison in Port Conway, Virginia
Madison as a student at Princeton, portrait by James Sharples
Madison's portrait as Congressional delegate at age 32 when he was already recognized as a contributor to politics and government. Portrait by Charles Willson Peale
First page of the original handwritten copy of the U.S. Constitution
George Washington witnesses Gouverneur Morris sign the Constitution while Madison sits in front of Benjamin Franklin and next to Robert Morris in John Henry Hintermeister's 1925 painting, Foundation of the American Government.[9]
Thomas Jefferson founded the Democratic-Republican Party with Madison and broadly represented Southern interests.
The 1803 Louisiana Purchase totaled 827,987 square miles (2,144,480 square kilometers), doubling the size of the United States.
James Madison as Secretary of State painted by Gilbert Stuart, c. 1805–1807
Following Jefferson's presidency, Madison's 1808 electoral vote results
James Madison as President, engraving by David Edwin from between 1809 and 1817
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References
- ↑ Spies-Gans, Marcelo Sanchez. "James Madison". Princeton & Slavery. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
In February 1801 Madison Sr. died, leaving Montpelier and more than one hundred slaves to James Madison, as his eldest son. The following week, Thomas Jefferson became President of the United States and appointed Madison as his Secretary of State. Madison managed Montpelier from afar, yet took no concrete steps toward freeing his slaves or changing the plantation system. Upon becoming the fourth President of the United States in 1809, Madison brought slaves to serve him in the White House. One of these slaves was ten-year-old Paul Jennings, whose memoir about White House life—A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison—was published in 1865.
- ↑ "James Madison". NPS.org. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
- ↑ "James Madison | Biography, Founding Father, & Presidency". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
- ↑ "James Madison". HISTORY. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
- ↑ "James Madison". The White House. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
- ↑ "James Madison". Biography. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
- ↑ "James Madison - People - Department History - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
- ↑ "'Father of the Constitution' James Madison Dies, 1836". NewseumED. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
- ↑ Robinson 1999, p. 117.