Mahmud II
Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) (July 20, 1785 – July 1, 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 1808 until his death. Mahmud was the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid I. His time as sultan is notable mostly for the major legal and military changes he caused.
Mahmud II was born in Istanbul. He was 23 years old when he came to the throne. He was an Islamic calligraphy artist, composer and poet. He wrote poems under the pseudonym "Adli". He was of a brave, patient and prudent temperament. He replaced the old military organization maintained by the governors of irregular auxiliaries (sekban - I Cedid). When the soldiers shortly after arose, he defeated them. The 1808 revolting insurgents killed Alemdar Mustafa Pasha.
In 1812 the peace treaty was signed in Bucharest with the Russians. In 1813, with the help of Muhammed Ali Pasha, he defeated the Wahhabis, who desecrated the holy places and shrines in Mecca and Medina.
- In 1821 the Greek War of Independence broke out and thousands were killed.
- In the “Auspicious Incident” the corps of Janissaries was abolished and replaced by a conscription army.
- In 1827 the war with Russia began again.
- In 1829 the peace treaty was concluded in Edirne.
- In the years 1831 and 1839, riots broke out in Egypt.
In July of 1839 the Sultan Mahmud II died as the ill effects of life experienced by him calamitous events he was afflicted with tuberculosis and died. His body was buried in the Türbe in Divanyolu. Mahmud II was devoted to many works of the highest degree in any field. He opened many new schools, and ordered to build large buildings. All the great mosques of Istanbul were repaired in his time. The bridge was built in Unkapani his time. In Mecca, he had built a madrasa and mend the Great Mosque (Mescid-i Aksa) in the holy city of Jerusalem. The poet and Sümbülzâde Vehbi Kececizâde Izzet Molla died at this time.
His sons: Abdulmejid I *, * Abdulaziz, 4 Sehzades names Ahmet, Bayezid, veliaht Abdulhamid, Suleyman, 2 Sehzades called Mehmed Murad Nizameddin, Abdullah Osman.
His daughters: Emine Sultan, Sultan Hamide, Hayriye Sultan, Sultan Saw, * Saliha Sultan, Ayse Sultan, Sultan Atike *, 2 Fatma Sultan, Sultan Münire, Mihrimah Sultan *, * Adile Sultan.
Mahmud II Media
A Handmade image for Abdullah I (The last governer of the First Saudi State).
The stylized signature of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire was written in Islamic calligraphy. It reads "Mahmud Khan son of Abdulhamid is forever victorious".
Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt attacks Missolonghi
The mausoleum of Sultan Mahmud II during the period of 1860–1890.
Poem in praise of the prophet Muhammad, calligraphed and signed by Mahmud II
The sarcophagus of Sultan Mahmud II in his burial place.
Exterior view of the türbe of Sultan Mahmud II.
Battle of Akhalzic (1828), by January Suchodolski. Oil on canvas, 1839.
Russian forces reach and cause the Siege of Kars (1828), by January Suchodolski.
