Nanzhao
Nanzhao are a Sino-Tibetan kingdom that existed southern China and Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered in Yunnan, China.
Nanzhao | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 738–937 | |||||||
 Kingdom of Nanzhao as of 879 AD | |||||||
| Status | Kingdom | ||||||
| Capital | Taihe (also named Yangxiemie, near present day Dali) | ||||||
| Religion | Buddhism | ||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||
| History | |||||||
• | 738 | ||||||
• | 937 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | China Laos Myanmar | ||||||
| Nanzhao | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 南詔 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 南诏 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Shan name | |||||||||
| [[Shan language|Shan]] | လၢၼ်ႉၸဝ်ႈ (lâan tsāw) | ||||||||
History
Most Nanzhao were Bai people.[1] They spoke Nuosu (Yi), a Tibeto-Burman language related to Burmese.[2] They descended from the Cuan clan. The Cuan migrated from Taiyuan to Yunnan during Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign in 225. By the fourth century they controlled Yunnan.
In 593, they rebelled against the Sui dynasty. But in 602 the Sui destroyed the rebellion. The Cuan split into two groups: the Black and White Mywa.[3]
The White Mywa tribes lived near lake Erhai. In 704 the Tubo made these kingdoms into vassals or tributaries.[3]
In 737, the Tang dynasty helped unify the tribes and create a new kingdom called the Nanzhao (南诏 "Southern Zhao"). In 738 the capital was established in Taihe (south of Dali). It was in the Erhai valley; the mountains made it easy to defend; and there was a lot of farmland.[4]
Tubo alliance
In 750 the Nanzhao attacked the Tang. In 751 Tang governor of Sichuan, Xianyu Zhongtong then attacked Nanzhao with an army of 80,000 soldiers. He was defeated by Duan Jianwei (段俭魏).[5]
In 754, the Tang sent another 100,000 soldiers, led by General Li Mi (李宓), but never made it past Mu'ege. The Tubo then became friends with the Tubo. This alliance then ended in 794.[5]
Nanzhao attacks on Tang
In 801 the Nanzhao and Tang defeated Tibetan and their slave Abbasid soldiers.[3] Nanzhao then expanded into Myanmar and conquered Pyu city-states from 820-832.[5]
In 829, the Nanzhao failed to attack Chengdu (Sichuan). In the 830s, they conquered Kunlun to the east and Nuwang to the south.[5]
In 846, 859, 863, the Nanzhao attacked Annam (Vietnam, then part of the Tang).[5] In 869, the Nanzhao again failed to capture Chengdu.[5]
In 873, the Yang family of Shanxi kicked the Nanzhao were out of Sichuan. In 877 the Yang kicked them out of Guizhou.[5] The Nanzhao retreated to Yunnan, and they slowly died. In 902, their chief minister murdered most of the royal family, including the heir apparent. In 937, Duan Siping seized power and created the Dali Kingdom.
They were Buddhists
They were Vajrayana Buddhists. Many people living in Yunnan still are.[6][7]
They called it Azhali. Azhali is a bit different from Han Buddhist schools like Zen (Chan Buddhism). But it has Han, Tibetan, and Burmese influences. Nanzhao likely had strong religious connections with the Pagan Kingdom (Myanmar), Tibet, and Bengal (Pala Empire).[8]
It was started around 821-824 by an Indian monk from India called Candragupta (赞陀崛多, Zantuojueduo). More monks from India arrived in 825 and 828 and helped build a temple in Heqing.[9]
The last king of Nanzhao made Buddhism the official religion.[10]
Nanzhao Media
A rectangle
The Nanzhao Dragon on Nanzhao Folklore Island, Erhai Lake, Yunnan
Nanzhao Folklore Island (南诏风情岛), is a Nanzhao (南诏) dynastie island on the Erhai lake, Yunnan province, China
Figure of Guanyin, 9th century, Nanzhao
Xinuluo (r. 649-674) from the Nanzhao Tuzhuan (899)
Luoshengyan (r. 674-712) from the Nanzhao Tuzhuan (899)
Shunhuazhen (r. 897-902) from the Nanzhao Tuzhuan (899)
Section of Zhang Shengwen's Kingdom of Dali Buddhist Volume of Paintings. Bare-footed warriors, possibly the Luojuzi on the right.
A poem written in Square Bai script on the Shanhua tablet (山花碑), 15th c.
Armour of the Yi people, made of leather, wood, and hide, Qing dynasty
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References
- ↑ Joe Cummings, Robert Storey (1991). China, Volume 10 (3, illustrated ed.). the University of California: Lonely Planet Publications. p. 705. ISBN 0-86442-123-0. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ↑ C. X. George Wei (2002). Exploring nationalisms of China: themes and conflicts. Indiana University: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 195. ISBN 0-313-31512-4. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Beckwith 1987.
- ↑ Blackmore 1960.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Herman 2007.
- ↑ Megan Bryson, "Baijie and the Bai: Gender and Ethnic Religion in Dali, Yunnan", Asian Ethnology 72, 2013, pp. 3-31
- ↑ Megan Bryson, "Mahākāla worship in the Dali kingdom (937-1253) – A study and translation of the Dahei tianshen daochang yi", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 35, 2012, pp. 3-69
- ↑ Thant Myint-U, Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia, Part 3
- ↑ Howard, Angela F. “The Dhāraṇī pillar of Kunming, Yunnan: A legacy of esoteric Buddhism and burial rites of the Bai people in the kingdom of Dali, 937–1253”, Artibus Asiae 57, 1997, pp. 33-72 (see p. 43-44).
- ↑ "Nanzhao State and Dali State". City of Dali. Archived from the original on 2006-09-03.