Open-mid back unrounded vowel

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Open-mid back unrounded vowel
ʌ
Encoding
X-SAMPAV
 

The open-mid back unrounded vowel is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is usually written as u, as in cut.

Characteristics

Template:Vowels

Examples

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Ajië[1] k'ë' [kʌˀ] 'pot' Distinct from /ə/
Catalan Solsonès[2] tard'a' [ˈtaɾð̞ʌ̃ː] 'afternoon' Realization of final unstressed /ə/
Danish sl'o't [ˈslʌt] 'castle' Usually transcribed as /ɒ/ but more mid-centralized [ɒ̽].
Emilian most Emilian dialects[3] Bulåggna [buˈlʌɲːɐ] 'Bologna' It corresponds to a sound between /ɔ/ to /ä/; written ò in some spellings
English Cape Town[4] lot [lʌt] 'lot' It corresponds to a weakly rounded [ɒ̈] in all other South African dialects. See South African English phonology
Natal[4]
Cardiff[5] thought [θʌːt] 'thought' For some speakers it may be rounded and closer. See English phonology
General South African[6] no [nʌː] 'no' May be a diphthong [ʌʊ̯] instead.[7] See South African English phonology
General American[8] gut [ɡʌt] (help·info) 'gut' In some dialects, fronted to [ɜ], or fronted and lowered to [ɐ]. In Standard Southern British English, [ʌ] is increasingly heard in place of [ɐ] to avoid the trap–strut merger.[9] See English phonology and Northern Cities Vowel Shift
Inland Northern American[10]
Multicultural London[11]
Newfoundland[12]
Northern East Anglian[13]
Philadelphia[14]
Scottish[15]
Some Estuary English speakers[16]
Some Standard Southern British speakers[9]
French Picardy[17] al'o'rs [aˈlʌʀ̥] 'so' Corresponding to /ɔ/ in standard French.
German Chemnitz dialect[18] m'a'chen [ˈmʌχɴ̩] 'to do' Allophone of /ʌ, ʌː/ (which phonetically are central [[[:Template:IPAplink]], Template:IPAplink])[19] before and after /ŋ, kʰ, k, χ, ʁ/. Exact backness varies; it is most posterior before /χ, ʁ/.[20]
Haida[21] ḵw'a'áay [qʷʰʌʔáːj] 'the rock' Allophone of /a/ (sometimes also /aː/) after uvular and epiglottal consonants.[22]
Irish Ulster dialect[23] 'o'la [ʌl̪ˠə] 'oil' See Irish phonology
Kaingang[24] [ˈɾʌ] 'mark' Varies between back [ʌ] and central [ɜ].[25]
Kashmiri از [ʌz] 'today' Allophone of [ɐ]. Used only in monosyllables. Typical of the Srinagar variety.
Kensiu[26] [hʌʎ] 'stream'
Korean[27] 너 / neo [nʌ̹] 'you' See Korean phonology
Lillooet [example needed] Retracted counterpart of /ə/.
Mah Meri[28] [example needed] Allophone of /ə/; can be mid central [ə] or close-mid back [ɤ] instead.[28]
Nepali असल/asal [ʌsʌl] 'good' See Nepali phonology
Norwegian Solør[29] fäss [fʌs] 'waterfall' In traditional dialect transcriptions, this vowel is written consequently as ⟨ä⟩, and has existed as a separate vowel in addition to ⟨æ⟩, [æ]. This is because ⟨ä⟩ has evolved from an unrounding of short ⟨o⟩. ⟨ä⟩ has morphed to [æ] with younger speakers.
Ossetian Digor майр'ӕ'нбон / majrænbon [majrʌnbon] 'Friday' Common sound in the Digor dialect. In the Iron dialect, this sound is replaced by a near-open central vowel.
Portuguese Greater Lisbon area[30] l'e'ite [ˈɫ̪ʌjt̪ɨ̞] 'milk' Allophone of /ɐ/ before /i/ (forming a phonetic diphthong [ʌj]). Corresponds to [e] in other accents.[30] See Portuguese phonology
Russian Standard Saint Petersburg[31] гол'о'ва/golová [ɡəɫ̪ʌˈvä] 'head' Corresponds to [ɐ] in standard Moscow pronunciation;[31] occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic Barra[32] duin'e' [ˈt̪ɯɲʌ] 'person' Dialectal allophone of [ə] in word-final position.
Tamil[33] [example needed] Nasalized. Phonetic realization of the sequence /am/, may be [õ] or [ã] instead.[33] See Tamil phonology
Xavante[34] [jʌm] 'seed' The nasal version [ʌ̃] also occurs.[34]

Before World War II, the /ʌ/ of Received Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel [ʌ], which has since shifted forward towards [ɐ] (a near-open central unrounded vowel). Daniel Jones reported his speech (southern British) as having an advanced back vowel [ʌ̟] between his central /ə/ and back /ɔ/; however, he also reported that other southern speakers had a lower and even more advanced vowel that approached cardinal [a].[35] In American English varieties, such as in the West, the Midwest, and the urban South, the typical phonetic realization of the phoneme /ʌ/ is an open-mid central [ɜ].[36][37] Truly backed variants of /ʌ/ that are phonetically [ʌ] can occur in Inland Northern American English, Newfoundland English, Philadelphia English, some of African-American English, and (old-fashioned) white Southern American English in coastal plain and Piedmont areas.[38][39] However, the letter ⟨ʌ⟩ is still commonly used to indicate this phoneme, even in the more common varieties with central variants [ɐ] or [ɜ]. That may be because of both tradition and some other dialects retaining the older pronunciation.[40]

Open-mid Back Unrounded Vowel Media

References

  1. ↑ Zetterberg, William. So close and yet so different: Reconstructing the phonological history of three Southern New Caledonian languages | Lund University. Lund University. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  2. ↑ Anàlisi dialectològica d'uns parlars del Solsonès (in en). prezi.com. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  3. ↑ Scrîver al bulgnaiṡ cum và (in egl). bulgnais.com. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lass (2002), p. 115.
  5. ↑ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  6. ↑ Wells (1982), pp. 614, 621.
  7. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 614.
  8. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 485.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cruttenden (2014), p. 122.
  10. ↑ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg. A national map of the regional dialects of American English (1997)Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
  11. ↑ Cruttenden (2014), p. 91.
  12. ↑ Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 61–63.
  13. ↑ Trudgill (2004), p. 167.
  14. ↑ Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 73–74.
  15. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  16. ↑ Altendorf & Watt (2004), p. 188.
  17. ↑ Picardie : phonétique. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  18. ↑ Khan & Weise (2013), pp. 235, 238.
  19. ↑ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  20. ↑ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 238.
  21. ↑ Lawrence (1977), pp. 32–33.
  22. ↑ Lawrence (1977), pp. 32–33, 36.
  23. ↑ Ní Chasaide (1999), pp. 114–115.
  24. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  25. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
  26. ↑ Bishop (1996), p. 230.
  27. ↑ Lee (1999).
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Kruspe & Hajek (2009), p. 245.
  29. ↑ Borg (1987), p. 10.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Cruz-Ferreira (1995), pp. 91–2.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 225.
  32. ↑ Borgstrøm (1937), p. 76.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Keane (2004), p. 114.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Nikulin & Carvalho (2019), p. 263.
  35. ↑ Jones (1972), pp. 86–88.
  36. ↑ Gordon (2004b), p. 340.
  37. ↑ Tillery & Bailey (2004), p. 333.
  38. ↑ Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 112–115, 121, 134, 174.
  39. ↑ Gordon (2004a), pp. 294–296.
  40. ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 135.
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