Pawnee people
_(7843906010)_(2).jpg){kind=link}
The Pawnee are a Native American Plains Indians tribe.[1] They lived mainly in what is now Nebraska and Kansas. Unlike other tribes of the Great Plains, they were semi-nomadic people.[1] They were hunters and farmers. The Pawnee farmed for most of the year and lived in earth lodges.[2] During the buffalo hunting season, they lived in tepees so they could follow the herds.[2] In the early 1800s their main village was on the south side of the Platte River (Nebraska). They raised crops including beans, corn, pumpkins, squashes and sunflowers.[2] The powerful Pawnee tribe had four individual bands. These were the Chaui (Grand), the Kitkehaki (Republican Pawnees), Pitahauerat (Tapage Pawnees) and the Skidi (Loup or Wolf Pawnees).[3] They were a fierce people who used war paint and tattoos to intimidate their enemies.[2] The Pawnee took scalps in battle. Pawnee war parties often rode out on scalping missions against other tribes.[4] The Pawnee also practiced human sacrifice.[5] Most often this took the form of ritually killing a young captive girl in a five-day ceremony.[5] She was sacrificed to the Morning Star. The last known ritual killing was of a girl in the mid-18th century.[3] The Pawnee were the largest tribe to have lived in Nebraska.[6] They were one of the earliest tribes to come to the area.[6] Estimates are that there were between 10,000 and 12,000 Pawnee in Nebraska by 1800.[6] They had little to fear from their enemies because they were a large tribe.[6] But smallpox and other diseases aswell as warfare with the Sioux reduced their numbers significantly in the early 1800s.[6] They were finally removed to Oklahoma in the 1870s.[4]
Pawnee People Media
- Pawnee01.png
Tribal territory of the Pawnee and tribes in Nebraska
- Pawnee father and son 1912.jpg
Kitkahaki George and his son Taloowayahwho, also known as William Pollock, in the mid 1890s.
- Pawnee lodge.jpg
Pawnee lodges near Genoa, Nebraska (1873)
- Alfred Jacob Miller - Pawnee Indians Migrating - Walters 37194066.jpg
Pawnee Indians migrating, by Alfred Jacob Miller
- Caeser Bruce silver comb 1984 ohs.jpg
Ornamental hair comb by Bruce Caesar (Pawnee-Sac and Fox), 1984, of German silver, Oklahoma History Center
- Annual report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the year ..." (1907-1943) (19176154258).jpg
Miniature model of the Morning Star ritual, Field Museum
- La-Roo-Chuck-A-La-Shar-(Sun-Chief)-Pawnee.jpg
La-Roo-Chuck-A-La-Shar (Sun Chief) was a Pawnee chief who died fighting the Lakota at Massacre Canyon.
- Caddoan langs.png
Approximate distribution of Caddoan-speakers in the early 19th century
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mark van de Logt, '“The Powers of the Heavens Shall Eat of My Smoke”: The Significance of Scalping in Pawnee Warfare', Journal of Military History, Vol. 72, No. 1 (January 2008), p. 72
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ralph Linton, 'The Origin of the Skidi Pawnee Sacrifice to the Morning Star', American Anthropologist, Vol. 28, No. 3 (July-September, 1926), pp. 457–459
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).