Human sacrifice
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Human sacrifice is the act of killing a human being as an offering to a deity or other, normally supernatural power.
It was practiced in many ancient cultures. The practice was different in different cultures. Some like the Mayans and Aztecs were notorious for their ritual killings, while other cultures have condemned the practice as barbaric.
Victims were ritually killed in a manner that was supposed to please or appease gods or spirits. Victims ranged from slaves or prisoners to aristocrats, and from infants to the elderly. In Ancient Rome, Vestal Virgins who broke their vow of chastity, were ritually killed with their stomach's cut open, with a sharp stone or knife and their hearts were burned. But most often, they were buried alive.
Over time human sacrifice has become less common around the world, and sacrifices are now very rare. Most religions condemn the practice and present-day laws generally treat it as murder. Nonetheless, it is still occasionally seen today, especially in the least developed areas of the world where traditional beliefs persist.
Methods
Human sacrifice has been done through numerous methods including the following:
Phoenicia
The ancient Middle Eastern kingdom of Phoenicia practiced sacrifice of children to their god Moloch. It was believed to be evil by the Jewish authors of the Bible.
Aztec
The Aztecs were particularly noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale; an offering to Huitzilopochtli would be made to restore the blood he lost, as the sun was engaged in a daily battle. Human sacrifices would prevent the end of the world that could happen on each cycle of 52 years. In the 1487 re-consecration of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan many prisoners were sacrificed.
Tlaloc
Tlaloc would require weeping boys in the first months of the Aztec calendar to be ritually murdered.
Inca empire
A number of mummies of sacrificed children have been recovered in the Inca regions of South America.[1]
Human Sacrifice Media
An excavated tzompantli from the Templo Mayor in modern-day Mexico City
18th century depiction of the Moloch idol (Der Götze Moloch mit 7 Räumen oder Capellen. "The idol Moloch with seven chambers or chapels"), from Johann Lund's Die Alten Jüdischen Heiligthümer (1711, 1738)
The mythological sacrifice of Polyxena by the triumphant Greeks at the end of the Trojan War
The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia, a mythological depiction of a sacrificial procession on a mosaic from Roman Spain
A 19th century depiction of a wicker man
The remains of the Tollund Man shortly after his discovery in 1950.
Human sacrifice from the Shang dynasty in China
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References
- ↑ "Discovery Canada - Watch Full Episodes". Discovery.
Articles
- “Indian cult kills children for goddess: Holy men blamed for inciting dozens of deaths”, The Observer (United Kingdom newspaper) Dan McDougall in Khurja, India, Sunday March 5, 2006
- Heinsohn, Gunnar: “The Rise of Blood Sacrifice and Priest Kingship in Mesopotamia: A Cosmic Decree?”[1] (also published in Religion, Vol. 22, 1992)
Books
- Dying for the Gods, Miranda Aldhouse Green; Trafalgar Square; 2001, ISBN 0-7524-1940-4
- Cenote of Sacrifices, Clemency Coggins and Orrin C. Shane III ; 1984 The university of Texas Press; ISBN 0-292-71097-6
- Violence and the Sacred, Rene Girard, translated by P. Gregory; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, ISBN 0826477186
- I See Satan Fall Like Lightning, René Girard, Translated by James G. Williams; Orbis Books; 2001, ISBN 1-57075-319-9
- The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy Ronald Hutton, 1991, ISBN 0-631-18946-7
- Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece Dennis D. Hughes 1991 Routledge ISBN 0-415-03483-3
- City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization, David Carrasco, Moughton Mifflin, 2000, ISBN 0-807-04643-4