Phobia

A phobia (from the Greek: φόβος) is a strong fear about a specific thing or situation. In psychology, phobia is considered an anxiety disorder. Phobia is different than just being scared of something. The fear is so strong that it affects, and often damages, the sufferer's life. For example, the person will usually do everything they can to avoid the thing they fear. If they cannot avoid that thing, they will suffer from very strong anxiety which can damage their social relationships, their ability to work, and other areas of their everyday life.

There are two basic types of phobias: specific phobias and social phobias. People with specific phobias fear a certain thing, for example spiders (this is called arachnophobia) or high places (acrophobia). People with social phobias fear social situations (for example speaking in public, being in crowded areas, or being around other people).

Difference between phobia and fear

Fear is a normal human emotion. A phobia is different from normal fear in many ways:

With phobias, a person fears something which is not really dangerous, or which is not anywhere near as dangerous as the person believes it is. For example, many humans fear spiders. However, a person with a phobia of spiders might panic when even thinking about a spider, refuse to leave home because they are too afraid of seeing a spider, or spend hours of each day making sure there are no spiders in their home. People with phobias realize that their anxiety is much more severe than normal fear would be.
Phobia lasts much longer than regular fear. For example, a person with a phobia of spiders might continue to feel severe anxiety for hours after seeing a spider.
When a person feels normal fear, their fear does not damage their life. Phobias cause problems in sufferers' daily lives. For example, they may damage important relationships or make it difficult for the person to work. People with social phobias may avoid being with other people or meeting new people.

It is hard to tell how many people suffer from phobias. Researchers think that between 5 and 13 percent of people seem to have a phobia. Women suffer from phobias about twice as often as men.

Fears in children

Every child is afraid of something. For most children, these fears eventually disappear.

Normal fears in children include:

0–2 years - loud noises; strange people; being away from their parents
3–6 years - imaginary things, for example ghosts and monsters; the dark; strange sounds
7–16 years - more realistic fears, for example school performance, injury, illness, death, and disaster^[1]

These fears would only be called phobias if they caused problems in the child's daily life, or if they caused the child to suffer from severe anxiety or emotional distress.

Causes and risk factors

Causes and risk factors phobias can be very bad.

Caused

They can be caused by:

innate fear
traumatic event (assault, assault witness, injury ...)
hear about the possible danger (animal attacked someone; about a natural disaster ...)^[2]

Risk factors

family influence and culture ^[3]
psychological personality disorder
a characteristic trait – persons with a susceptible nature are more prone to phobias
the parents's lack of interest
gender – women are more prone to phobias ^[4]

Types of phobias

Specific phobias

also psychological phobias. These include hundreds of types of phobias. Some:

Aichmophobia - fear of sharp objects (like scissors or needles)
Germophobia - fear of germs
Claustrophobia - fear of small, closed-in spaces
Necrophobia - fear of death
Pharmacophobia - fear of medications
Taphophobia - fear of being buried alive
Blood-Injection-Injury phobias
Zoophobias - fear of one, several, or all animals. Specific phobias of animals include Arachnophobia (fear of spiders), Cynophobia (fear of dogs), Entomophobia (fear of insects), Ophidiophobia (fear of snakes,Scoleciphobia (fear of worms) and Musophobia (fear of mice).
Phobophobia (fear of phobias)

Social phobias

Sociophobia - fear of people and/or social situations
Glossophobia – fear of speaking in public

Symptoms

When a person with a phobia is exposed to their fear (encounters with the stimulus, thinks of it, sees the object of fear in the picture...) occur at these physical and psychological symptoms. Intensity depends on the degree of fear.

Psychological symptoms

Psychological symptoms are symptoms that take place within a human. These include:

anxiety up to panic
want to run away
shaking or tremors
fear that the loss of their control, or to drive crazy
fear of death
fear of loss of consciousness
nervousness, restlessness

Physical symptoms

^[5]^[6]

difficulty breathing, shortness of breath
heart beat, increased heart rate
shaking or tremors
more sweating
malaise, feeling sick
weakness up to fainting
rush hot or cold
dry mouth
pain or spin head
a need to go to the toilet

Treatment

There are different ways to help people with phobias. There is treatment available; it focuses on making the patient less sensitive to the fear they suffer from, or showing him or her how the cycle of fear works. There is also medication available (mostly sedatives) that help people cope. Finally there are self-help groups.

Phobia Media

Regions of the brain associated with phobias
Anatomical components of the limbic system
A soldier stomping his foot to put out the fire rising up his leg during military fire-phobia training