Pithovirus
Pithovirus is a genus of giant virus which infects amoebae.[1][2] It is a double-stranded DNA virus, and is a member of the clade of large DNA viruses. It was first described in 2014 after a viable specimen was found in a 30,000-year-old ice core harvested from permafrost in Siberia, Russia.
| Pithovirus | |
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| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group I (dsDNA)
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| Order: | |
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| Genus: | Pithovirus
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It is 50% larger in size than the previous largest known viruses,[3] but Pandoravirus has the largest viral genome, containing 1.9 to 2.5 megabases of DNA.[4]Pithovirus has a thick, oval wall with an opening at one end. Internally, its structure resembles a honeycomb.[1]
Its genome
The genome of Pithovirus has 467 different genes, more than a typical virus but far less than Pandoravirus.[3] Its genome is much less densely packed than any other known virus. Two-thirds of its proteins are unlike those of other viruses. Despite the physical similarity with Pandoravirus, the Pithovirus genome sequence shows that it is barely related to that virus. It more closely resembles members of some other virus families.[5] These families all contain large icosahedral viruses with DNA genomes. The Pithovirus genome has 36% GC-content, similar to the Megaviridae, in contrast to greater than 61% for pandoraviruses.[6]
Replication
The Pithovirus' genome is one circular, double stranded DNA (dsDNA) chromosome of about 610,000 base pairs (bp.) Its DNA translate into 467 different proteins.[7] The genome encodes all the proteins needed to produce mRNA; these proteins are present in the purified virions.[5]
Pithovirus does its entire replication cycle in its host's cytoplasm, not the more typical method of taking over the host's nucleus.[1][5][8]
Discovery
Pithovirus sibericum was discovered in a 30,000-year-old sample of Siberian permafrost.[1] The virus was discovered buried 30 m (98 ft) below the surface of a late Pleistocene sediment.[2][5] It was found when riverbank samples collected in 2000 were exposed to amoebae.[9] The amoebas started dying and were found to contain giant viruses. The authors said they got the idea to probe permafrost samples for new viruses after reading about an experiment that revived a similar aged seed two years earlier.[1][3][10]
Although the virus is harmless to humans, its viability after being frozen for millennia raised concerns that global climate change and tundra drilling operations could lead to potentially dangerous viruses being unearthed.[3] Other scientists deny that this poses a real threat.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Yong, Ed (2014). "Giant virus resurrected from 30,000-year-old ice : Nature News & Comment". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14801. S2CID 87146458.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Morelle, Rebecca (2014). "30,000-year-old giant virus 'comes back to life'". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26387276.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Sirucek, Stefan (3 March 2014). "Ancient "giant virus" revived From Siberian permafrost". National Geographic. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140303-giant-virus-permafrost-siberia-pithovirus-pandoravirus-science/.
- ↑ Brumfiel, Geoff (18 July 2013). "World's biggest virus may have ancient roots". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/07/18/203298244/worlds-biggest-virus-may-have-ancient-roots.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Racaniello, Vincent (2014). "Pithovirus: bigger than Pandoravirus with a smaller genome". Virology Blog. http://www.virology.ws/2014/03/04/pithovirus-bigger-than-pandoravirus-with-a-smaller-genome/.
- ↑ Legendre M. et al 2014. Thirty-thousand-year-old distant relative of giant icosahedral DNA viruses with a pandoravirus morphology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 (11): 4274.Thirty-thousand-year-old distant relative of giant icosahedral DNA viruses with a pandoravirus morphology | PNAS
- ↑ "Pithovirus sibericum". Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB). Retrieved 2014-03-10.
- ↑ Coghlan, Andy (2014). "Biggest-ever virus revived from Stone Age permafrost". NewScientist. Archived from the original on 2014-03-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20140305155750/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25151-biggestever-virus-revived-from-stone-age-permafrost.html.
- ↑ Zimmer, Carl (3 March 2014). "Out of Siberian ice, a virus revived". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/science/out-of-siberian-ice-a-virus-revived.html.
- ↑ Legendre, M.; Bartoli, J.; Shmakova, L.; Jeudy, S.; Labadie, K.; Adrait, A.; Lescot, M.; Poirot, O.; Bertaux, L.; Bruley, C.; Coute, Y.; Rivkina, E.; Abergel, C.; Claverie, J.-M. (2014). "Thirty-thousand-year-old distant relative of giant icosahedral DNA viruses with a pandoravirus morphology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (11): 4274–4279. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4274L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320670111. PMC 3964051. PMID 24591590.