Rhenium
Rhenium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Re. It has the atomic number 75. It is a rare noble metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements called the transition metals. The chemistry of rhenium is similar to manganese. Discovered in 1908, rhenium was the second-last stable element to be discovered ('stable' meaning not radioactive). It was named after the river Rhine in Europe.
Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. These alloys contain up to 6% rhenium, making jet engine construction the largest single use for the element. The second-most important use is as a catalyst: rhenium is an excellent catalyst for hydrogenation and isomerization.
Rhenium found as a by-product of molybdenum refinement.
Rhenium is used in some manganese alloys. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductors.
History
Rhenium was discovered by Walter Noddack, Ida Noddack, and Otto Berg in Germany. In 1925, they reported that they detected the element in a platinum ore and in the mineral columbite. They also found rhenium in gadolinite and molybdenite.[1] In 1928, they were able to remove 1 g of the element from 660 kg of molybdenite.[1]
Characteristics
Rhenium is a silvery-white metal. It has the third highest melting points of all elements. It is also the third densest element.[2]
Isotopes
Rhenium has one stable isotope which is rhenium-185. Rhenium that is found in nature is made up of 37.4% rhenium-185 and 62.6% rhenium-187.[3][4] Rhenium has 33 known radioisotopes. They range from rhenium-160 to rhenium-194. The longest-lived radioisotope of rhenium is rhenium-183 which have a half-life of 70 days.[5]
Occurence
Rhenium is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust.[6] It the 77th most abundant element in the Earth's crust.[7] Rhenium may not be found free in nature.[6] It is found in small amounts in the mineral molybdenite.[8]
Production
Commercial rhenium is gotten from molybdenum roaster-flue gas. Some molybdenum ores contain 0.001% to 0.2% rhenium.[6][8] Rhenium metal is made by reducing ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at high temperatures.[9]
Uses
Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. Rhenium is used in superalloys, such as CMSX-4 (2nd generation) and CMSX-10 (3rd generation). These superalloys are used in industrial gas turbine engines like the GE 7FA.[10] Rhenium filaments are used in mass spectrometers, ion gauges and photoflash lamps in photography.[11][12] Rhenium-platinum alloys are used as a catalyst for catalytic reforming.[13] Rhenium-188 and Rhenium-186 are used to treat of liver cancer.[14]
Rhenium Media
Perrhenic acid (H4Re2O9) adopts an unconventional structure.
Structure of ReH2−
9.
Mineral molybdenite, chemical composition: MoS2, from collection of National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, originally from New South Wales
Pure ammonium perrhenate powder
The Pratt & Whitney F-100 engine uses rhenium-containing second-generation superalloys
CFM International CFM56 jet engine with blades made with 3% rhenium
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Die Ekamangane (in de). Die Naturwissenschaften 13 (26) (1925). p. 567–574. doi:10.1007/BF01558746.
- ↑ Liu, Lin-Gun. Effect of pressure and temperature on the lattice parameters of rhenium (in en). Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 31 (6) (1970). p. 1345–1351. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(70)90138-1.
- ↑ How to Change Nuclear Decay Rates. math.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
- ↑ Bosch, F.. Observation of Bound-State β − Decay of Fully Ionized 187 Re: 187 Re − 187 Os Cosmochronometry (in en). Physical Review Letters 77 (26) (1996-12-23). p. 5190–5193. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.5190.
- ↑ Audi, G.. The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties. Chinese Physics C 41 (3) (2017). p. 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Greenwood, Norman. Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.) (1997)Elsevier Science & Technology Books. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ↑ Emsley, John.. Nature's building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements (2001). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850341-5. OCLC 46984609.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Rouschias, George. Recent advances in the chemistry of rhenium (in en). Chemical Reviews 74 (5) (1974). p. 531–566. doi:10.1021/cr60291a002.
- ↑ SCHENK, P.W.. Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (1963)Elsevier. p. 3–107. ISBN 978-0-12-395590-6. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-395590-6.50008-9.
- ↑ Bondarenko, Yu. A.. Effect of high-gradient directed crystallization on the structure and properties of rhenium-bearing single-crystal alloy (in en). Metal Science and Heat Treatment 48 (7–8) (2006). p. 360–363. doi:10.1007/s11041-006-0099-6.
- ↑ Earle, G.D.. Tungsten-rhenium filament lifetime variability in low pressure oxygen environments. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 33 (5) (2005). p. 1736–1737. doi:10.1109/TPS.2005.856413.
- ↑ Ede, Andrew.. The chemical element : a historical perspective (2006). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33304-1. OCLC 64390389.
- ↑ Ryashentseva, Margarita A. Rhenium-containing catalysts in reactions of organic compounds. Russian Chemical Reviews 67 (2) (1998-02-28). p. 157–177. doi:10.1070/RC1998v067n02ABEH000390.
- ↑ R. Dilworth, Jonathan. The biomedical chemistry of technetium and rhenium (in en). Chemical Society Reviews 27 (1) (1998). p. 43. doi:10.1039/a827043z.