Sahara pump theory
The Sahara Pump Theory attempts to explain how plants and animals from Africa moved into the Middle East and then Europe and Asia.
At the time, Africa was rainier than it is today, and the Sahara was wetter, with bigger lakes and more rivers.[1]
African rainy periods are associated with a "wet Sahara" phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers exist.[1] This causes changes in the type of animals found in the area.
Regardless of the aridity of the greater Sahara, migration along the river corridor was halted when, during a desert phase 1.8-0.8 million years ago, the Nile ceased to flow completely[2] and possibly flowed only temporarily in other periods[3] due to Nubian Swell uplift.
During the periods of a wet Sahara, the Sahara and Arabia become a savanna grassland and African flora and fauna become common. During the following dry period, the Sahara reverts to desert conditions usually as a result of the retreat of the West African Monsoon southwards. Evaporation exceeds precipitation, the level of water in lakes like Lake Chad falls, and rivers become dry wadis.
Flora and fauna previously widespread retreat northwards to the Atlas Mountains, southwards into West Africa, or eastwards into the Nile Valley and thence either south-east to the Ethiopian Highlands and Kenya or north-east across the Sinai into Asia. This separates populations of some of the species in areas with different climates, forcing them to adapt, possibly giving rise to speciation (species splitting).
The Saharan pump has been used to date four waves of human emigration from Africa, namely:[4]
- Homo erectus (ssp. ergaster) into Southeast and East Asia
- Homo heidelbergensis into the Middle East and Western Europe
- Homo sapiens sapiens Out of Africa theory
- The spread of Afro-Asiatic languages.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Van Zinderen Bakker E. M. (1962-04-14). "A Late-Glacial and Post-Glacial Climatic Correlation between East Africa and Europe". Nature. 194 (4824): 201–203. Bibcode:1962Natur.194..201V. doi:10.1038/194201a0. S2CID 186244151.
- ↑ "STRUCTURAL CONTROLS OF THE EGYPTIAN NILE". gsa.confex.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
- ↑ Williams, Martin A.J.; Talbot, Michael R. (2009). "Late Quaternary Environments in the Nile Basin". The Nile. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 89. pp. 61–72. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_4. ISBN 978-1-4020-9725-6.
- ↑ Stephen, Stokes. "Chronology, Adaptation and Environment of the Middle Palaeolithic in Northern Africa". Human Evolution, Cambridge University. Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-07-20.