Balkan Wars

Balkan Wars
	; Battle of Prilep, depicted in a Serbian postcard from 1912
Date	8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913; (9 months, 1 week and 3 days)
Location	Adrianople; Scutari; Kosovo; Manastir; Salonica provinces; Aegean Islands; Aegean Sea;
Result	First Balkan War: Balkan League victory; Treaty of London; Second Balkan War: Greek, Serbian, Montenegrin, Ottoman and Romanian victories; Treaties of Bucharest and Istanbul;
Belligerents
First Balkan War; Ottoman Empire Support Austria-Hungary	First Balkan War ; Balkan League: Bulgaria; Montenegro; Greece; Serbia; Romania; ; Support; Russian Empire
Second Balkan War; Bulgaria	Second Balkan War Montenegro; Greece; Serbia; Romania; Ottoman Empire;
Commanders and leaders
Mehmed V; Enver Pasha; Nazım Pasha; Zeki Pasha; Essad Pasha ; Kölemen Abdullah Pasha; Ali Rıza Pasha; Hasan Tahsin Pasha ; İsmail Hakkı Pasha; Rauf Pasha;	Nicholas I; Prince Danilo Petrović; Mitar Martinović; Janko Vukotić; Ferdinand I; Mihail Savov; Ivan Fichev; Vasil Kutinchev; Nikola Ivanov; Radko Dimitriev; Crown Prince Constantine; Panagiotis Danglis; Pavlos Kountouriotis; Radomir Putnik; Petar Bojović; Stepa Stepanović; Živojin Mišić; Carol I; Ferdinand I; Alexandru Averescu;

The Balkan Wars were a series of wars fought in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 (First Balkan War) and 1913 (Second Balkan War).^[1]

The First Balkan War was fought by Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria (the Balkan League) against the Ottoman Empire. The main objective of the Balkan League was to annex the European territories of the Ottoman Empire, because large numbers of the people of the Balkan League lived under Ottoman rule. The war was a success and the Ottoman Empire lost almost its entire European territories.^[2]

The Second Balkan War was fought by Greece, Serbia, the Ottoman Empire and Romania against Bulgaria. Because Bulgaria felt that Greece and Serbia got more lands than they deserved, Bulgaria declared war on Greece and Serbia, which repelled the attacks. The Ottoman Empire and Romania declared war on Bulgaria, because they wanted to gain Bulgarian territories, and by the end of the Second Balkan War Bulgaria had lost almost all its gains from the First Balkan War.

The Balkan Wars resulted in huge casualties. The Bulgarians lost around 65,000 men, the Greeks 9,500, the Montenegrins, 3,000, and the Serbs at least 36,000. The Ottomans lost as many as 125,000 dead. In addition, tens of thousands of civilians died from disease and other causes. After the Treaty of Istanbul in 1913, a population exchange was made by the Ottoman Empire with the Kingdom of Bulgaria, 9714 Muslim's (Turks and Xoraxane Roma) from Haskovo in North Thrace, was expelled to Ottoman Empire, and 9472 Orthodox Christian Bulgarian from Edirne in East Thrace was expelled to Kingdom of Bulgaria.

Balkan Wars Media

Map of the Ottoman Empire in 1900, with the names of the Ottoman provinces.
A Punch cartoon of October 2, 1912, by English cartoonist Leonard Raven-Hill depicting Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia sitting on a lid on top of a pot marked "Balkan Troubles", satirizing the situation in the Balkans leading up to the First Balkan War
Nazım Pasha, the chief of staff of the Ottoman army, was assassinated in January 1913 by Young Turks due to his failure.
Bulgarian forces waiting to start their assault on Adrianople
Territorial changes as a result of the First Balkan war, as of April 1913 showing the prewar agreed line of expansion between Serbia and Bulgaria
The apple of discord: King George I of Greece and Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria at Thessaloniki, December 1912. Despite their alliance, Greco-Bulgarian antagonism over the city and Macedonia did not abate.
Turkish volunteers join the army in the Balkan Wars, 1912
The Serbo-Bulgarian pre-war agreement on the division of Macedonia, with the Contested Zone marked in grey
Cholera was common among the soldiers of the combatant nations
Boundaries on the Balkans after the First and the Second Balkan War (1912–1913)