Smilodon
Smilodon was a genus of saber-toothed cat. There were three species.[1] Smilodon gracilis (or S. fragilis) was the ancestral, smaller, species (2.5 to 0.5 million years ago).
| Smilodon Temporal range: Pleistocene
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| Smilodon fatalis skeleton: National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC. | |
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| Kingdom: | Animalia
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| Genus: | †Smilodon Lund, 1842
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†Smilodon fatalis; | |
Smilodon populator (1 mya to 10 kya) was a large, heavy species from eastern South America. It was 1.2 m high at the shoulder, 2.1 m (83 in) long on average. With an estimated weight of 220 to 400 kg, it was among the heaviest known felids.[2] Its upper canines reached 28 cm (11 in) and protruded up to 17 cm (6.7 in) out of the upper jaw.
Smilodon fatalis (or S. californicus; 1.6 mya to 10,000 years ago) was the famous cat known from the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles.[3] The tar, a bit like asphalt, has yielded about a million bones of late Pleistocene mammals, of which 162,000 bones are from Smilodon, representing perhaps 1200 individuals. The cat was about the size of a female lion, but weighed more, perhaps 200 kg.[4] It was about 1 metre tall at the shoulders.
Teeth and jaws
Smilodon is most famous for its relatively long canines, which are the longest found in the saber-toothed cats, at about Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1850: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). long in the largest species Smilodon populator.[1] Those of S. fatalis reached their full size in 18 months at a growth rate of 7 mm/month.[5] These canine teeth were slender and had fine serrations.[6] They were fragile and could not have bitten into bone. Therefore, the cats did not use their long teeth to take down prey. Only when their prey was subdued did they use their teeth.[7]
Method of attack
The front limbs on these cats were longer and stronger than modern cats, and from that, and its teeth, its method of attack must have been different. An educated guess would be: they were ambush predators, which clung on round the neck of their prey, and slashed at the underside of the throat.[1] This contrasts with the method of the modern lion, which brings down its prey by weight of numbers, and clamps its jaws over the prey's nose and mouth. The prey dies of suffocation.
Smilodon's gape could have reached almost 120 degrees,[8] while that of the modern lion reaches 65 degrees.[9] This makes the gape wide enough to allow Smilodon to slash the throats of their victims without closing their jaws in a bite.
Smilodon's niche was closer to a leopard's, which is also an ambush predator. They both need cover to get close to prey. Smilodon had relatively short legs and a short, bobbed tail. Its front legs were especially powerful. Its body was adapted for springing onto prey, but it was not a very fast runner.
Fauna and flora in the Smilodon's environment
During the last ice age, there were many possible prey species from the La Brea location: mammoths, bison, horse, camel, ground sloth, pronghorn, tapir, deer,(elk and others). Most of these were extinct by 5 to 10,000 years ago. The pressures of a major climate change and human hunting were thought to be the main causes.
There was more plant cover at that time. Juniper, oaks, ragweeds, cedars, redwoods, sagebrush, sycamore, thistle and walnut grew in the environs. Smilodon survived so long as its prey had vegetation.
Smilodon Media
1869 lithograph of the holotype molar and maxilla fragment of S. fatalis
Partial skull of S. gracilis, the earliest species in the genus, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
S. fatalis skeleton at National Museum of Natural History
S. populator statue in Tierpark Berlin
Lydekker - Leopard (white background)
Felis caracal - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background)
Felis pardalis - 1834 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background)
Felis chaus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background)
Lydekker - Eyra White background
The American cheetah, Miracinonyx inexpectatus. Once thought to be a true cheetah, now thought to be a cheetah-like cougar, having become cheetah-like through parallel evolution.*(C) Stanton F. Fink
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Turner A. 1997. The big cats and their fossil relatives. Columbia N.Y.ISBN 0-231-10229-1
- ↑ Christiansen P. and Harris J.M. 2005. Body size of Smilodon (Mammalia: Felidae). J. Morphology 266, 369–384. online[dead link]
- ↑ The Rancho La Brea tar pits are in Hancock Park in the heart of Los Angeles. The specimens are displayed in the George C. Page Museum in the park.
- ↑ African female lions average weight: 120kg.
- ↑ Feranec, R. C. (2004). "Isotopic evidence of saber-tooth development, growth rate, and diet from the adult canine of Smilodon fatalis from Rancho La Brea". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 206 (3–4): 303–310. Bibcode:2004PPP...206..303F. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.01.009.
- ↑ Slater, G.J. & Valkenburgh B.V. 2008. Long in the tooth: evolution of sabertooth cat cranial shape. Paleobiology 34 (3): 403–419.
- ↑ Meachen-Samuels, J.A. & Van Valkenburgh B. 2010. Radiographs reveal exceptional forelimb strength in the sabertooth cat, Smilodon fatalis. PLoS ONE 5 (7): e11412 [1]
- ↑ Andersson K; Norman D. & Werdelin L. 2011 (2011). "Sabretoothed carnivores and the killing of large prey". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e24971. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624971A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024971. PMC 3198467. PMID 22039403.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Martin L.D. 1980. "Functional morphology and the evolution of cats". Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences. 8: 141–54.