Mitosis

Mitosis is part of the cycle of cell division.^[1] The chromosomes of a cell are copied to make two identical sets of chromosomes,^[2] and the cell nucleus divides into two identical nuclei.^[3]

Before mitosis, the cell creates an identical set of its own genetic information – this is called replication. The genetic information is in the DNA of the chromosomes. At the beginning of mitosis the chromosomes wind up and become visible with a light microscope. The chromosomes are now two chromatids joined at the centromere. Since the two chromatids are identical to each other, they are called sister chromatids.

Mitosis happens in all types of dividing cells in the human body except with sperm and ova. The sperm and ova are gametes or sex cells. The gametes are produced by a different division method called meiosis.^[4]

Phases of mitosis

A short diagram of mitosis

There are five phases of mitosis. Each phase is used to describe what kind of change the cell is going through. The phases are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Prophase

Early prometaphase: The nuclear envelope has gone, the microtubules interact with the kinetochores on the chromosomes

Metaphase: The centrosomes have moved to the poles of the cell and have established the mitotic spindle. The chromosomes have assembled at the metaphase plate

Anaphase: Lengthening nonkinetochore microtubules push the two sets of chromosomes further apart

Telophase: Reversal of prophase and prometaphase events

During prophase, chromatin (tangled-up DNA) in the nucleus condense into chromosomes (bunched-up DNA). Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. Spindle fibers begin to form a bridge between the ends of the cell.

Prometaphase

During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope around the chromosomes breaks down. Now there is no nucleus and the sister chromatids are free. A protein called a kinetochore forms at each centromere. Long thin proteins reach across from opposite poles of the cell and attach to each kinetochore.

Metaphase

During metaphase, the pair of chromatids are aligned by the pushing and pulling of the attached kinetochore microtubules, similar to a game of "tug of war". Both sister chromatids stay attached to each other at the centromere. The chromosomes line up on the cell's equator, or center line, and are prepared for division. This is the longest phase of mitosis.

Anaphase

During anaphase, the sister chromatids split apart and move from the cell's equator (metaphase plate) to the poles of the cell. The kinetochore is attached to the centromere. The microtubules hold on to kinetochore and shorten in length. Another group of microtubules, the non-kinetochore microtubules, do the opposite. They become longer. The cell begins to stretch out as the opposite ends are pushed apart.

Telophase

Telophase is the final stage in mitosis: the cell itself is ready to divide. One set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell. Each set is identical. The spindle fibers begin to disappear, and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. Also, a nucleolus appears within each new nucleus and single stranded chromosomes uncoil into invisible strands of chromatin.

Cytokinesis

Main page: Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis, even though it is very important to cell division, is not considered a stage of mitosis. During cytokinesis, the cell physically splits. This occurs just after anaphase and during telophase. The cleavage furrow, which is the pinch caused by the ring of proteins, pinches off completely, closing off the cell.

The cell now has reproduced itself successfully. After cytokinesis, the cell goes back into interphase, where the cycle is repeated. If cytokinesis were to occur to a cell that had not gone through mitosis, then the daughter cells would be different or not function properly. One would still have the nucleus and the other would lack a nucleus. Cytokinesis is different in both animals and plant cells. In plant cells, instead of splitting into two halves, it forms a cell plate. This is a cell wall that forms between the two nuclei after they have split apart. This must happen because the cells have a rigid shape, and must be completely covered in the cell wall to function.

Mitosis Media

Mitosis in the animal cell cycle (phases ordered counter-clockwise).
Label-free live cell imaging of mesenchymal stem cells undergoing mitosis
Onion cells in different phases of the cell cycle enlarged 800 diameters. a. non-dividing cellsb. nuclei preparing for division (spireme-stage) c. dividing cells showing mitotic figures e. pair of daughter-cells shortly after division
Time-lapse video of mitosis in a Drosophila melanogaster embryo
Stages of early mitosis in a vertebrate cell with micrographs of chromatids
Interphase nucleus (left), condensing chromosomes (middle) and condensed chromosomes (right)
Prophase during mitosis
A cell in late metaphase. All chromosomes (blue) but one have arrived at the metaphase plate.
Metaphase during mitosis

References

↑ Morgan D.L. 2007. The cell cycle: principles of control. London: New Science Press and Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-9539181-2-6
↑ Carter, J. Stein 1996. Mitosis. biology.clc.uc.edu. UC – Clermont College. [1] Archived 2012-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
↑ O'Connor, Clare 2008. Mitosis and cell division. Nature Education 1 (1):188. [2]
↑ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. 2002. "Mitosis". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed). Garland Science.

[1] Morgan D.L. 2007. The cell cycle: principles of control. London: New Science Press and Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-9539181-2-6

[2] Carter, J. Stein 1996. Mitosis. biology.clc.uc.edu. UC – Clermont College. [1] Archived 2012-10-27 at the Wayback Machine

[3] O'Connor, Clare 2008. Mitosis and cell division. Nature Education 1 (1):188. [2]

[4] Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. 2002. "Mitosis". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed). Garland Science.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]