Truffle
A truffle is the fruiting body of an underground mushroom. Its spores are dispersed by fungivores (animals that eat fungi). Almost all truffles are found in close association with trees (see mycorrhiza).
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| A Black Truffle | |
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| Genus: | Tuber
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Truffles are used as a food additive in cooking. The truffles improve the flavour. There are hundreds of species of truffles that can be used, but the fruiting body of some (mostly in the genus Tuber) are highly prized. The 18th-century French gastronome Brillat-Savarin called these truffles "the diamond of the kitchen". Edible truffles are expensive because they are held in high esteem in haute cuisine. They are used in the cuisine of many countries in Europe and worldwide.
Types
Black truffle
The "black truffle" or "black Périgord truffle" Tuber melanosporum is named after the Périgord region in France and grows only with oak. Specimens can be found in late autumn and winter, reaching 7 cm in diameter and weighing up to 100 g.[1] Production is almost exclusively European, with France accounting for 45%, Spain 35%, Italy 20%, and small amounts from Slovenia, Croatia and the Australian states of Tasmania and Western Australia (see below). In 1900, France produced around 1,000 metric tonnes (1,100 short tons) of Tuber melanosporum. Production has considerably shrunk in the past century, and is now around 20 metric tonnes (22 short tons) per year, with peaks at 46 metric tonnes (50 short tons) in the best years. About 80% of the French production comes from southeast France. The largest truffle market in France (and probably also in the world) is at Richerenches in Vaucluse. The largest truffle market in southwest France is at Lalbenque in Quercy. These markets are busiest in the month of January, when the black truffles have their highest perfume. As of December 2009, black truffles were sold for about €1,000 per kilo in a farmer's market[2] and €3,940 per kilo in a retail saler.[3]
White truffle
The "white truffle" or Alba madonna or Tuber magnatum comes from the Montferrat and Langhe areas of the Piedmont region in northern Italy and in the countryside around the city of Alba. It is also found in Croatia, on the Istria peninsula in the Motovun forest alongside Mirna river.[4] They grow with oak, hazel, poplar and beech trees, and fruit in autumn. They can reach 12 cm diameter and 500 g, though are usually much smaller. The flesh is pale cream or brown with white marbling.[1] Like the French black truffles, Italian white truffles are very highly esteemed (illustration, left). The white truffle market in Alba is busiest in the months of October and November, where a 1.6-pound white truffle sold to "The Cody" of southern California for $150,000 on November 8, 2009 during the 79th White Truffle Festival. In 2001, the Tuber magnatum truffles sold for between US$1,000 and $2,200 per pound;[5] as of December 2009 they were being sold at €10,200 per kilogram.[6]
Giancarlo Zigante and his dog Diana found one of the largest truffles in the world near Buje, Croatia. The truffle weighed 1.31 kilograms (2.9 lb) and has entered the Guinness Book of Records.
The record price paid for a single white truffle was set in December 2007, when Macau casino owner Stanley Ho paid US$330,000 (£165,000) for a specimen weighing 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb), discovered by Luciano Savini and his dog Rocco. One of the largest truffles found in decades, it was unearthed near Pisa and sold at an auction held simultaneously in Macau, Hong Kong and Florence.[7] This record was then matched on November 27, 2010 when Ho again paid US$330,000 for a pair of white truffles including one weighing nearly a kilogram.
Extraction
Looking for truffles in open ground is almost always carried out with specially trained pigs (hogs) or, more recently, dogs. The Lagotto Romagnolo is the only dog breed recognized for sniffing out truffles (although virtually any breed could be trained for this purpose).[8]
| Truffle hog | Truffle dog |
|---|---|
| Keen sense of smell | Keen sense of smell |
| Innate ability to sniff out truffles | Must be trained |
| Tendency to eat truffles | Easier to control |
The female pig's natural truffle-seeking, as well as her intent to eat the truffle, is due to a compound in the truffle. This compound is similar to androstenol, the sex pheromone of boar saliva, to which the sow is keenly attracted.
In Italy, the use of the pig to hunt truffles is prohibited since 1985 due to damage caused by animals to truffle's mycelia during the digging that dropped the production rate of the area for some years.
Cultivation
Truffles can be cultivated, but it is not easy. The two world wars disrupted the growing of truffles in Europe, and changes in land use has reduced the available area. Truffles are now being cultivated in Australia and New Zealand.[9][10]
Truffle Media
Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum)
White truffles from San Miniato
Black truffles from San Miniato
Statue of Joseph Talon in Saint-Saturnin-lès-Apt
Planted truffle groves near Beaumont-du-Ventoux
A truffle market in Carpentras, France
Evolution of subterranean fruiting bodies from above-ground mushrooms.
Black Périgord truffle, cross-section
Summer truffles in a shop in Rome
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Carluccio A (2003). The Complete Mushroom Book. Quadrille. ISBN 1-84400-040-0.
- ↑ Ladepeche.fr - Jean-Michel Fabre, "Lalbenque. 1 000 € le kg: la truffe de Noël au prix du diamant", 23/12/2009.
- ↑ "Maison de la Truffe - TRUFFE FRAÎCHE NOIRE". Archived from the original on 2009-12-28. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ↑ "Gastro.croatia.hr". Archived from the original on 2008-01-20. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ↑ "Page moved | National Restaurant Association". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ↑ "Maison de ça Truffe - TRUFFE FRAÎCHE BLANCHE (in French)". Archived from the original on 2009-12-28. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ↑ Giant truffle sets record price. BBC News. 2007-12-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7123414.stm. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
- ↑ Krista Simmons (28 August 2009). "On the hunt for truffles in Western Australia". Los Angeles Times. http://travel.latimes.com/articles/la-trw-truffles30-2009aug30. Retrieved 2009-08-31. "Traditionally, truffle hunters — the Aussies call them "punters" — have used pigs to track their prey. More recently, punters have started using dogs, which, unlike pigs, will settle for a biscuit instead of chowing down on the truffle.".
- ↑ Zambonelli, Alessandra; Bonito, Gregory M, eds. (2013). Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Germany: Springer. p. 193. ISBN 978-3-64233822-9. Retrieved 22 Mar 2014.
- ↑ "Truffles in New Zealand". Southern_truffles.co.nz. Archived from the original on 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
- Trappe, Matt; Evans, Frank; Trappe, James M. (2007). Field Guide to North American Truffles: hunting, identifying, and enjoying the World's most prized fungi. Natural History Series. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 9781580088626.
- Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme (1838) [1825]. Physiologie du goût. Paris: Charpentier. pp. 109–118. English translation Archived 2008-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
Other websites
- breeding, pictures,culinary recipes " Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine Species of Truffles, "hunting" techniques [en] & [ro]
- Website of the North American Truffling Society
- "In the throes of truffle fever" by Tyrone Beason, Seattle Times, January 4, 2007
- Storage methods, preparations, and recipes
- Sorting truffle names
- "White Gold"[dead link] by Fleur Kinson – the experience of a white truffle hunt and auction