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Zaza people

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{{Infobox ethnic group | group = Zazas | image = Iranian tongues.svg | image_caption = Geographic distribution of Zaza speakers (darker green) among Iranian speakers[1] | pop = 2 to 3 million[2] | popplace =  Turkey
Diaspora: Approx. 300,000[3]
Australia, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States[4][5] | rels = Predominantly Alevism and minority Sunni Islam[6] and Hanafism | langs = Zaza, [[languages|],[4] and Turkish | related = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | flag = }} The Zazas (also known as 'Dîmili')[7] are an Iranic people in eastern Turkey who traditionally speak the Zaza language, a western Iranian language written in the Latin script. Their heartland consists of Adıyaman and Bingöl provinces and parts of Elazığ, Tunceli, Erzincan and Diyarbakır provinces.[3]

Following the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, many intellectual minorities, including Zazas, emigrated from Turkey towards Europe, Australia and the United States. The largest part of the Zaza diaspora is in Europe, predominantly in Germany.[5]

Etymology and naming

According to Encyclopædia Iranica the endonym Dimlī or Dīmla was derived from Daylam region in Northern Iran, and appears in Armenian historical records as delmik, dlmik, which was proposed to be derived from Middle Iranian *dēlmīk meaning Daylamite. Among their neighbors the people are known mainly as Zāzā, which meant “stutterer” and was used as a pejorative. Hadank and Mckenzie attribute relative abundance of sibilants and affricates in Zaza language to explain the semantic etymology of the name.[8]

History

Origins and early history

Linguistic evidence put the urheimat of the Zaza language to Northern Iran, especially around the southern Caspian region due to the similarities between Zaza, Talysh, Gilaki and Mazanderani languages. The etymology of the endonym Dimlī and the historical records of migration from Daylam to Central Anatolia in Armenian sources are also cited as an evidence of Daylamite origins of the Zaza people. Academics propose that this migration event happened in 10th to 12th centuries AD.[8][9] However, a study from 2005 does not support the Northern Iranian theory and rather proposes a closer link between Kurdish and Zaza-speakers compared to Northern Iranian populations.[10]

Kurmanji-speaking Kurds and Zazas have for centuries lived in the same areas in Anatolia. Arakelova states that Zazas had not claimed a separate ethnic identity from Kurds and were considered a part of the Kurds by outsiders through history, despite "having a distinct national identity and ethnic consciousness".[9]

The Zaza minstrel tradition goes back to the medieval period, when Zaza-speaking bards composed works both in their mother tongue and in Turkish.[8]

Modern period

Zaza Kurd workers in Diyarbakır, 1881[11]

The earliest surviving literary works in the Zaza language are two poems with identical titles, Mawlūd, dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[8]

In the 1920s and 1930s, Zazas played a key role in the rise of Kurdish nationalism with their rebellions against the Ottoman Empire and later the Republic of Turkey. Zazas participated in the Koçgiri rebellion in 1920,[12] and during the Sheikh Said rebellion in 1925, the Zaza Sheikh Said and his supporters rebelled against the newly established Republic because of its Turkish nationalist and secular ideology.[13] Many Zazas subsequently joined the Kurmanji-speaking Kurdish nationalist Xoybûn, the Society for the Rise of Kurdistan, and other movements, where they often rose to prominence.[14]

In 1937 during the Dersim rebellion, Zazas once again rebelled against the Turks. This time the rebellion was led by Seyid Riza and ended with a massacre of thousands of Kurmanji-speaking Kurds and Zaza civilians, while many were internally displaced due to the conflict.[15]

Sakine Cansız, a Zaza from Tunceli, was a founding member of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), and like many Zazas joined the rebels, including the prominent Besê Hozat.[16][17]

Following the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, many intellectual minorities, including Zazas, emigrated from Turkey towards Europe, Australia and the United States.[5]

Culture

Language

Main page: Zaza language

Zaza is the ancestral language of the Zaza people and belongs to the Zaza–Gorani branch of the Iranian languages. It is spoken in the east of modern Turkey, with approximately 2 to 3 million speakers. There is a division between Northern and Southern Zaza, most notably in phonological inventory, but Zaza as a whole forms a dialect continuum, with no recognized standard.[2]

A study published in 2015 that demographically analysed voting-age adults in the Kurdish inhabited regions of Turkey (excluding diaspora) concluded that 96.2% of people who identified as Zaza, but not Kurdish in the region spoke Zazaki as their mother tongue. On the contrary only 58.4% of the surveyed Zaza people declared that their primary home language was Zazaki, and Turkish was the second most popular home language with 38.3% of Zazas speaking it at their homes. 1.9% of the surveyed people who identified as Zaza expressed that their home language was Kurdish. Around 1.4% people belonging to Kurdish ethnic identity also spoke Zazaki as their mother language. Concerning Alevis, which were separately analysed, c. 70% spoke Zazaki, but Turkish (70%) was the dominant household language.[18] Ziflioğlu states that many[How many? or How much?] Zazas only speak Kurmanji.[4][dubious – discuss]

The first written statements in the Zaza language were compiled by the linguist Peter Lerch in 1850. Two other important documents are the religious writings of Ehmedê Xasi of 1898,[19] and of Osman Efendîyo Babij; both of these works were written in Arabic script.[20] The state-owned TRT Kurdî airs shows in Zaza.[4] During the 1980s, the Zaza language became popular among the Zaza diaspora, followed by publications in Zaza in Turkey.[21]

Religion

Predominantly Zazas adhere to Sunni Islam.[22] According to a 2015 study that examined the voting-age adults of the Eastern and Southern Anatolia 75.4% of the people who stated that they were ethnically Zazas belonged to the Shafiʽi school of Islam, similar to Kurdish groups, but in contrast to local Turkish and Arab people who were majority Hanafi.[18] Shafi‘i followers among the Zaza people are mostly Naqshbandi.[23]

Alevism is the second largest Islamic sect among Zazas with 14.8% adhering it, and Zazas had the highest Alevi percentage among any group by far, being followed by Turks (5.4%) and Kurds (3.1%). It was also reported that around 70% of the Alevis spoke Zazaki as their mother language. Zaza Alevis predominantly live around Tunceli Province. Hanafism, which is the biggest Islamic school in both Turkey and among the Turkish and Arabic people in the region, is being adhered by 9.8% of the Zaza population.[18] Historically, a small Christian Zaza population existed in Gerger.[24]

Identity

Accoding to some, Zazas generally consider themselves Kurds,[25][6][26][27] and are described such by some[7][28][29][30][31] however, many Zazas do not see it that way and emphasize their own distinct identity distinct from Kurds[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] and various scholars consider Zazas as distinct ethnic group, distinct from the Kurds, and treat them as such in their academic work.[41]

According to Kehl-Bodrogi and Arakelova "in spite of their distinct national identity and ethnic consciousness, Zazas never claimed their separate existence, as they have for centuries been surrounded by the Kurds, the people with a homogenous language and close culture. Therefore, in the ‘outer world’ they have always been under the shadow of the Kurdish ethnic and national prevalence, and during the last century and a half, it has been totally suppressed by the Kurd’s political strivings manifested in numerous movements".[42][25] However, some scholars consider them to be a separate ethnic group, and treat them as such in their academic work.[43]

According to a national survey conducted by KONDA Research and Consultancy in 2019 around 1.5% of the population state "Zaza" as their ethnic identity, thus forming the fourth largest ethnic identity in the country.[44][45] According to a 2015 survey conducted in Turkish Kurdistan among voting-age adults, the majority of the Zazaki-speakers ethnically identified as "Zaza" in contrast to other options such as Kurdish, Turkish and Arabic.[18]

Many Zaza politicians are also to be found in the fraternal Kurdish parties of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) and Democratic Regions Party (DBP), like Selahattin Demirtaş, Aysel Tuğluk, Ayla Akat Ata and Gültan Kışanak. On the other hand, Zazas who have publicly stated that they do not consider themselves Kurdish include Hüseyin Aygün, a CHP politician from Tunceli.[46][47] Especially in recent years, Zaza language and cultural associations have become widespread, the establishment of the Federation of Zaza Associations and the establishment of the Democracy Time Party have started to adopt Zaza identity more.[48]

Genetics

A 2005 study genetically examined three different groups of Zaza (n= 27) and Kurmanji speakers in Turkey and Kurmanji speakers in Georgia. In the study, mtDNA HV1 sequences, eleven Y chromosome bi-allelic markers and 9 Y-STR loci were analyzed to investigate lineage relationship among these Iranian-speaking groups. According to study 8 different Y-DNA haplogroups have been identified among the Zaza speakers; I* (33.3%), R1a1a (25.9%), E* (11.1%) and R1* (11.1%) being the most prevalent ones. Haplogroups P1 and J2, which were found to be prevalent among differing Kurdish populations, were absent in Zaza speakers. Y chromosome data showed somewhat different patterns, indicating some effect of geography. Kurmanji speakers and Zaza speakers in Turkey, who are geographic neighbours, were found to be closer to each other compared to the Georgian and Turkmen Kurds according to Y-DNA data.[10]

MtDNA data indicates close relationships among Zaza speaking groups from Turkey and Kurdish people from Georgia, Iran and Eastern Turkey, meanwhile the examined Kurmanji speakers in Turkey and Turkmenistan were different from these groups and each other maternally. Geographic neighbours of Zazas from South Caucasus are also found to be similar concerning mtDNA results. It was stated that there was no clear geographic or linguistic pattern concerning matrilineal origins of examined Iranian-speakers.[10]

Another phenomenon found in the research was that Zazas are closer to Kurdish groups (matrilineally South Caucasian groups, patrilineally Kurmanji speakers in Turkey) rather than peoples of Northern Iran, where ancestral Zaza language hypothesized to be spoken before its spread to Anatolia. It was also stated that "the genetic evidence of course does not preclude a northern Iranian origin for the Zazaki language itself."[10]

See also

Zaza People Media

Notes

  1. ↑ Gippert 1999.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Endangered Language Alliance.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Asatrian (1995).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Ziflioğlu (2011).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Arakelova (1999), p. 400.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kehl-Bodrogi, Otter-Beaujean & Kellner-Heikele (1997), p. 13.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Malmîsanij (1996), p. 1.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 DIMLĪ (in en-US). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2021-09-22.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Arakelova 1999.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Nasidze et al. (2005).
  11. ↑ Barry (1881).
  12. ↑ Lezgîn (2010).
  13. ↑ Kaya (2009), p. IX.
  14. ↑ Kasımoğlu (2012), pp. 653-657.
  15. ↑ Cengiz (2011).
  16. ↑ Milliyet (2013).
  17. ↑ Hürriyet (2013).
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Yeğen, Mesut. Kürt Seçmenlerin Oy Verme Dinamikleri: Kuzeydoğu-Ortadoğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Alt Bölgelerinde Seçmenin Siyasal Tercihlerinin Sosyolojik Analizi (in tr). yada.org.tr (January 2015). p. 36–52.
  19. ↑ Malmîsanij (1996), pp. 1-2.
  20. ↑ Keskin (2015), p. 108.
  21. ↑ Bozdağ & Üngör (2011).
  22. ↑ Werner (2012), pp. 24 & 29.
  23. ↑ Kalafat (1996), p. 290.
  24. ↑ Werner (2012), p. 25.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Arakelova (1999), p. 397.
  26. ↑ Mosaki (2012).
  27. ↑ Postgate (2007), p. 148.
  28. ↑ Taylor (1865), p. 39.
  29. ↑ van Bruinessen (1989), p. 1.
  30. ↑ Özoğlu (2004), p. 35.
  31. ↑ Kaya (2009).
  32. ↑ Hennerbichler, Ferdinand. Die Kurden (Geschichte des kurdischen Volkes) (2004). Mosonmagyaróvár: Fhe-Ed.. p. 46. ISBN 963-214-575-5.
  33. ↑ Keskin, Mesut. Identitätsdynamik und Ethnizität der Zaza-sprachigen Bevölkerung zwischen Fremdzuschreibung und Selbstverortung (2025). Berlin: Verlag. p. 158. ISBN 978-3-643-15771-3.
  34. ↑ Rençber, Fevzi. Within The Scope of Religion-Identity Discussıons, An Evaluation for Ethnic Identities Of Alawi People Speaking Zazaki. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies 6 (6) (2013). p. 952–953.
  35. ↑ Torgut, Furkan (2019) (in tr). Etnik Kimlik İnşasında Mezhep Farklılığının Oynadığı Rol: Zazalar Örneği. Van: Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=TVMCRDU1YxmBxd0cbdWSkQ&no=BE0YHmaWVu5y-w47uEjPHA. Retrieved 30 December 2025. "...Alevi Zazas and Sunni Zazas, who are divided into different sects, have shown the same behaviors in terms of ethnic identity. Both groups have stated that they are ethnically different. Alevi and Sunni Zazas do not accept the claim that Zaza is a dialect of Kurdish; they do not consider themselves ethnically Turkish or Kurdish.". 
  36. ↑ Çetkin, Süreyya. Search of Zazaki Speaking Individuals For Identity. Bingöl Üniversitesi Yaşayan Diller Enstitüsü Dergisi 2 (4) (2016). p. 51.
  37. ↑ Tasci, Hülya. Kindheit und Jugend in muslimischen Lebenswelten: Aufwachsen und Bildung in deutscher und internationaler Perspektive. (2010)VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. p. 150, 152. ISBN 978-3-531-16751-0.
  38. ↑ Aratemür, Yaşar. Sprachatlas Der Zaza-Sprache: Lautgeographie Des Zazaki (2025). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-74621-3.
  39. ↑ Bozbuğa, Rasim (2019) (in tr). Kimlikleşme kavşağında Zaza kimliği ve Zaza hareketi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi. pp. 131, 161–163. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=vvA0vvEeGlqN-%20r1Wm2wItQ&no=9byRdOr7yCvCsu1n4jRkbg. Retrieved 17 December 2025. ""In summary, it is observed that in the perception of Zaza identity by Zaza intellectuals and activists, elements that distinguish Zazas from others or from the "other" are highlighted. In this context, it is understood that elements such as Zaza History, Zaza Language, Zaza Culture, and Zaza personality are coded as the boundaries of Zaza identity."". 
  40. ↑ Selcan, Zülfü (2011). "Zaza Dilinin Tarihi Gelişimi". I. Uluslararası Zaza Dili Sempozyumu: 127-129. https://www.bingol.edu.tr/documents/Zaza_Dili_Sempozyumu.pdf. Retrieved 27 December 2025. 
  41. ↑ Keskin 2015, p. 95: "Besides two doctoral theses, there are numerous master's theses and scientific articles consider the Zazas as a distinct ethnic group,: Kazım Aktaş (1999), Hüseyin Çağlayan (1995), Kahraman Gündüzkanat (1997), Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi (1998), Selahattin Tahta (2002), Hülya Taşçı (2006), Gülsün Fırat (2010: 139), Eberhard Werner (2012), Esther Schulz-Goldstein (2013)."
  42. ↑ Kehl-Bodrogi (1999), p. 442.
  43. ↑ Keskin (2015), pp. 94-95.
  44. ↑ Murat Yetkin: Türkiye'de kaç Kürt, kaç Sünni, kaç Alevi yaşıyor? (in tr-TR). gazeteduvar.com.tr (2019-11-19). Retrieved 2021-09-09.[dead link]
  45. ↑ Türkiye'de Toplumsal Cinsiyet Raporu. KONDA. November 2019
  46. ↑ Haber Vaktim (2011).
  47. ↑ Haber Türk (2013).
  48. ↑ Interview about Zaza and Zaza language

Bibliography

Further reading

Template:Iranian peoples

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