Almohad
The Almohad Caliphate (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i.e., "the monotheists" or "the Unitarians"), was a Sunni Muslim empire that was founded in the 12th century, and conquered all of northern Africa as far as Libya, together with Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia).
Almohad Caliphate الموَحدون (<span title="Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/ISO 639 override' not found. transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Al-Muwaḥḥidūn) (in Arabic) ⵉⵎⵡⴻⵃⵃⴷⴻⵏ (<span title="Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/ISO 639 override' not found. transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Imweḥḥden) (in Berber languages) | |
|---|---|
| 1121–1269 | |
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![The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, c. 1180–1212[1][2]](/wiki/File:Empire_almohade.PNG) | |
| Status | Ruling dynasty of Morocco; Caliphate (since 1147) |
| Capital | Tinmel (1121–1147) Marrakesh (1147–1269) In Al-Andalus: Seville (1147–1162) Córdoba (1162–1163) Seville (1163–1248)[3] |
| Common languages | Arabic, Berber, Mozarabic |
| Religion | Sunni Islam (Creed: Ash'ari; Madhab: Zahiri) |
| Government | Caliphate |
| Caliph | |
• 1121–1130 | Ibn Tumart (first, under title of "Mahdi") |
• 1130–1163 | Abd al-Mu'min (first, under title of "Caliph" from 1147) |
• 1266–1269 | Abu al-Ula al-Wathiq Idris (last) |
| History | |
• | 1121 |
• Almoravids overthrown | 1147 |
• Marinid suzerainty | 1248 |
• | 1269 |
| Area | |
| 1150 est.[4] | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1850: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). |
| Currency | Dinar[5] |
| Today part of |  Algeria Gibraltar (UK) Libya Morocco Portugal Spain Tunisia Western Sahara |
History
Between 1130 and his death in 1163, Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi, a Berber from the Masmuda tribe, defeated the ruling Almoravids and became ruler over all northern Africa as far as Libya. He became Emir of Marrakech in 1149 and conquered Al-Andalus, Moorish Iberia. In 1170 the Almohads transferred their capital to Seville. But by 1212 Muhammad III, "al-Nasir" (1199–1214) was defeated by an alliance of the four Christian princes of Castile, Aragón, Kingdom of Navarre and Portugal, at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena. The Almohads lost nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia soon after. The great Moorish cities of Córdoba and Seville fell into Christian possession in the first half of the 13th century. The Almohads continued to rule in Africa for some time, but they lost a lot of their territory. The last representative of the line, Idris II, had only Marrakech left. There he was murdered by a slave in 1269.
Muwahhadi (Almohad) Caliphs,1121–1269
- Ibn Tumart 1121-1130
- Abd al-Mu'min 1130–1163
- Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I 1163–1184
- Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur 1184–1199
- Muhammad an-Nasir 1199–1213
- Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 1213–1224
- Abd al-Wahid I 1224
- Abdallah al-Adil 1224–1227
- Yahya 1227–1235
- Idris I 1227–1232
- Abdul-Wahid II 1232–1242
- Ali 1242–1248
- Umar 1248–1266
- Idris II 1266–1269
Culture
Sufi writers.
- Sidi Abu Madyan Choaïb ben al-Houssein al-Ansari (1126-1198)
- Ali ibn Harzihim (m.1164)
- Abi Mohammed Salih (1153-1234)
- Abu Abdallah ibn Harzihim (m.1235)
- Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili (1197-1258)
- Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi (b. 1185) historian and writer
- Salih ben Sharif al-Rundi (1204-1285)
Almohad Media
Approximate locations of the main Masmuda tribes that adhered to the Almohads
Phases of the expansion of the Almohad state
The Almohads transferred the capital of Al-Andalus to Seville.
Coin minted during the reign of Abu Yaqub Yusuf
Imperium almohadzkie po 1212r.
A copy of the Qur'an personally transcribed by Caliph al-Murtada, circa 1266
The "Las Navas de Tolosa banner", an Almohad banner captured by Ferdinand III in the 13th century
The Monzón Lion, a bronze fountain from Al-Andalus dating from the 12th-13th century
Fragment of Kufic inscription on cuerda seca tiles formerly around the minaret of the Kasbah Mosque
The Kutubiyya Mosque in Marrakesh, founded by Abd al-Mu'min in 1147
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Related pages
References
- ↑ "Qantara". Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
- ↑ "Qantara". Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
- ↑ Le Moyen Âge, XIe- XVe siècle, par Michel Kaplan & Patrick Boucheron. p.213, Ed. Breal 1994 (ISBN 2-85394-732-7)[1]
- ↑ Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
- ↑ (in French) P. Buresi, La frontière entre chrétienté et islam dans la péninsule Ibérique, pp.101–102. Ed. Publibook 2004 (ISBN 9782748306446)
- History of the Almonades, Reinhart Dozy, (second edition, 1881)
- Mica Enciclopedie de Istorie Universala, Marcel D. Popa, Horia C. Matei, (Bucharest, Editura Politica 1988)
Other websites
- Historical maps of Almohad Dynasty[dead link] Maps to be combined and compared
- Almohads Dynasty[dead link] Berber dynasty