Ayurveda
Ayurveda (/ˌɑːjʊərˈveɪdə, -ˈviː-/)[1] is an alternative medicine system from the Indian subcontinent.[2] The word "ayurveda" is from the Sanskrit: आयुर्वेद, Āyurveda, and means knowledge of life and longevity.[3]
Ayurveda is pseudoscientific.[4][5][6] Ayurvedic texts say: the gods of Hindu mythology gave medical knowledge to legendary Hindu philosophers, who then gave the knowledge to human physicians.[7] However, the Indian Medical Association (IMA) says the practice of modern medicine by Ayurveda is quackery.[8]
History
According to Ayurveda, Dhanvantari (the Hindu god of Ayurveda), made himself into a human king by incarnation. He was king of Varanasi, and taught Ayurvedic medicine to a group of physicians. One of these physicians, named Sushruta, wrote the Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta's Compendium), an Ayurvedic text that includes this story.[9][10] People have used many different Ayurvedic therapies through the history of India.[2]
Some people say Ayurveda existed in prehistoric times.[11][12] Some ideas in Ayurveda may have existed when the Indus Valley civilization did, during the Bronze Age in India.[13]
During the Vedic period, Ayurveda went through many developments. Outside the tradition of the Vedas, Buddhism and Jainism also shared some ideas with the Ayurvedic texts from ancient India.[13] By around two thousand years ago, Ayurveda had developed some of its ideas for surgery and drugs.[14]
In the 1970s and 1980s, Ayurveda also changed for consumption in the Western world.
Therapies
Ayurveda therapies have varied and evolved over more than two millennia. These therapies have included herbal medicines, special diets, meditation, yoga, massage, laxatives, enemas, and medical oils.[15]
In ancient India, Ayurvedic texts gave explanations for surgeries and for the stitching of wounds to help wound healing. The ancient Indians knew how to take out kidney stones and how to do rhinoplasty (plastic surgery for the nose).[16][17]
Medicines are typically based on chemical compounds taken from plants, minerals, and metal substances (perhaps because of the influence of early Indian alchemy or rasa shastra).
Effectiveness
There is no good evidence that Ayurveda works or helps for any disease.[18]
Some Ayurvedic products are dangerous and contain lead, mercury, and arsenic.[19] In 2008, nearly 21% of Ayurvedic products sold on the internet and made in India and the United States contained lead, mercury, and arsenic (heavy metals) in quantities that are toxic.[20] There may be public health dangers that result from this, but that is not known.[20]
Ayurveda Media
Dhanvantari, an avatar of Vishnu, is the Hindu god associated with ayurveda.
The three doshas and the five elements from which they are composed
Ayurvedic treatment procedures
Ayurvedic preparations displayed in Delhi in 2016
Tulsi Flower
Ayurvedic treatment set up used for applying oil to patients, Kerala, 2017
A typical ayurvedic pharmacy, Rishikesh
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References
- ↑ Ayurveda. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan. A History of Indian Medical Literature (1999). Groningen: Egbert Forsten. ISBN 978-90-6980-124-7.
- ↑ Gregory P. Fields. Religious Therapeutics: Body and Health in Yoga, Ayurveda, and Tantra (2001)SUNY Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7914-4915-8.
- ↑ Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science (2018)MIT Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-262-03742-6.
- ↑ Chapter 1: Thinking about psychiatry. Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry (2019)Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-879555-1. doi:10.1093/med/9780198795551.003.0001. (subscription needed)
- ↑ Quack, Johannes. Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India (2011)Oxford University Press. p. 213, 3. ISBN 978-0-19-981260-8.
- ↑ Zysk, Kenneth G.. Categorisation and Interpretation (1999)Meijerbergs institut för svensk etymologisk forskning, Göteborgs universitet. p. 125–145. ISBN 978-91-630-7978-8.
- ↑ IMA Anti Quackery Wing. Indian Medical Association.
- ↑ Bhishagratna, Kaviraj Kunjalal. An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita Based on Original Sanskrit text (1907). Calcutta: K. K. Bhishagratna. p. 1. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ↑ Dhanvantari | Hindu mythology (in en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
- ↑ Dinesh Kumar Tyagi. Pharma Forestry A Field Guide To Medicinal Plants (2005)Atlantic Publishers. p. 34.
- ↑ Hansch, Corwin. Comprehensive medicinal chemistry: the rational design, mechanistic study & therapeutic application of chemical compounds (1990)Pergamon Press. p. 114.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Pankaj Gupta. Healing Traditions of the Northwestern Himalayas (2014)Springer. p. 23. ISBN 978-81-322-1925-5.
- ↑ Sharma, Priya Vrat. History of Medicine in India (1992). New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.
- ↑ Ayurvedic medicine | Complementary and alternative therapy | Cancer Research UK. www.cancerresearchuk.org. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
- ↑ Wujastyk 2003a.
- ↑ Mukhopadhyaya, Girindranath. The Surgical Instruments of the Hindus, with a Comparative Study of the Surgical Instruments of the Greek, Roman, Arab, and the Modern European Surgeons (1913). Calcutta: Calcutta University. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ↑ Ayurvedic medicine (3 December 2018)Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ↑ Is Ayurveda treatment approved in the U.S?. WebMD.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Saper RB. Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured medicines sold via the internet. JAMA 300 (8) (2008). p. 915–923. doi:10.1001/jama.300.8.915.
Cited references
- Chopra, Ananda S.. Medicine across cultures: history and practice of medicine in non-western cultures (2003)Kluwer Academic. p. 75–83. ISBN 978-1-4020-1166-5.
- Dwivedi, Girish. History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence. Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences 49 (2007). p. 243–244. (Republished by National Informatics Centre, Government of India.)
- Finger, Stanley. Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function (2001)Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514694-3.
- Kutumbian, P.. Ancient Indian Medicine (1999). Andhra Pradesh, India: Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-1521-5.
- Lock, Stephen. The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine (2001)Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-262950-0.
- Underwood, E. Ashworth. History of Medicine (2008).
- Wujastyk, D.. The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings (2003a)Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044824-5.
- Philogics, Ayurveda. The Treatment of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings (2015)Philogics.
