Dating the Bible

The oldest Hebrew Bible writings that are still here today, the Dead Sea Scrolls, were written in about the 2nd century BCE. The oldest writing that has no pieces missing is a Greek translation called the Septuagint. It is from the 4th century - the Codex Sinaiticus. The oldest parts of the Masoretic Text, which is where we get modern Hebrew Bibles, are from the 9th century. Almost no biblical writing was written at the same time as the events it talks about. Most of the writings about Jesus Christ were written long after he lived, some of them hundreds of years after.

Table I: Chronological overview of the Hebrew Bible

These tables show the chronology (order) of the Bible and when in history they were written. Much of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament may have been put together in the 5th century BCE. Most of the New Testament books were written in the second half of the 1st century CE. The Deuterocanonical books fall in between.

Period	Date or dates when books were written
During the monarchic period of Ancient Israel and Ancient Judah 8th–7th centuries BCE c. 745–586 BCE	Late 8th–early 7th: Amos 2:6-9:10 Isaiah 1–39, so-called "First Isaiah" Hosea and, Micah, the second half of the book is 7th Century Nahum - 7th century Zephaniah in the reign of Josiah, c. 649–609 BCE Habakkuk (possibly shortly before the battle of Carchemish, 605 BCE) The first edition of the so-called “Deuteronomistic history”. The books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings were written in the reign of Josiah. Deuteronomy 5–26 in the reign of Josiah.
Exilic period: when people were in exile in Babylon. 6th-century BCE 586–539 BCE	Most of Obadiah around the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE. The completion of the so-called "Deuteronomistic history": (Joshua/Judges/Samuel/Kings). Deuteronomy expanded with the addition of chapters 1–4 and 29–30. It now served as an introduction to the Deuteronomistic history. Jeremiah Ezekiel So-called "Second Isaiah" ,Isaiah 40–55 Expansion and reshaping of Hosea, Amos, Micah and Zephaniah. Some early Psalms collection (psalms "of David") ending with psalm 89. Lamentations written between 586 BCE and the end of the 6th century BCE
The post-exilic period when Judah was under Persian control 6th–4th centuries BCE 538–330 BCE	The books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers (The Torah). Finally completed by 250 BCE Deuteronomy completed, expanding chapters 19–25 and addition of chapters 27 and 31–34. This then served as the conclusion to the Torah. So-called "Third Isaiah" (Isaiah 56–66) Final version of Jeremiah Haggai written at the end of the 6th century Zechariah chapters 1–8 at the same time as Haggai, chapters 9–14 from the 5th century Ruth written in the Persian period Malachi 5th century BCE Esther to the 3rd or 4th centuries BCE Joel – late Persian or Hellenistic The books of Chronicles written between 400–250 BC Proverbs is impossible to date and could be anywhere from the 8th to 4th centuries BCE Origins of the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. They may have reached their final version as late as the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE, during the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Post-exilic during the Hellenistic period 3rd–2nd centuries BCE 330–164 BCE	Job, Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs. They may have their origins in the 4th or even 5th centuries, but they seem to reflect contact with the Hellenistic world. Book of Jonah (Persian or Hellenistic, no later than 2nd century BCE). Most of the individual psalms making up the final third of the Book of Psalms.
Maccabean/Hasmonean 2nd -1st centuries BCE 164 - 4 BCE	Daniel 164 BCE, combining newly-written visions, chapters 7–12, with the Persian and Hellenistic tales of chapters 1–6.

Table II: Chronological overview of Deuterocanonical Old Testament

Period	Date or range of dates when books written
Post-exilic during the Hellenistic period 3rd–2nd centuries BCE 330–164 BCE	Tobit 225–175 BCE
Maccabean/Hasmonean 2nd -1st centuries BCE 164 - 4 BCE	Judith 150–100 BCE, although some estimates range from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE 1 Maccabees 100 BCE 2 Maccabees c. 100 BCE 3 Maccabees 100–75 BCE 4 Maccabees mid-1st century CE Wisdom of Solomon late 1st century BCE to early 1st century CE Sirach 196–175 BCE Additions to Daniel Prayer of Azariah (Song of the Three Holy Children) Bel and the Dragon: late 6th century Susanna and the Elders: possibly 95–80 BCE Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah 2nd century BCE Psalms of Solomon in the mid-1st century BCE

Table III: Chronological overview of the New Testament

Period

Date or range of dates when book or letter was written

Roman rule of Judea. Roman Emperors: Claudius - 41–54 CE Nero - 54–68 CE Galba - 68–69 CE Otho -January–April 69 CE Aulus Vitellius - July–December 69 CE Vespasian - 69–79 CE Titus - 79–81 CE Domitian - 81–96 CE Nerva - 96–98 CE Trajan - 98–117 CE

Galatians c. 48 or 55 CE; 1 Thessalonians c. 51 CE; 2 Thessalonians c. 51 CE or post-70 CE; 1 Corinthians c. 53–57 CE;Philippians c. 54–55 CE; Philemon c. 54–55 CE; 2 Corinthians c. 55–58 CE; Romans c. 57–58 CE; Colossians c. 62–70 CE Mark c. 65–73 CE James c. 65–85 CE First Peter c. 75–90 CE Luke c. 80–90 CEActs c. 80–90 CE Matthew c. 80–90 CE. Ephesians c. 80–90 CE Hebrews c. 80–90 CE. First Letter of John, Second letter of John, Third letter of John c. 90–110 CE John c. 90–110 CE Revelation c. 95 CE Jude anywhere from c. 50–110 CE 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Epistle to Titus c. 100 CE Second Peter c. 75–90 CESecond Peter c. 110 CE

Bibliography

• Alexander, Philip S. (2003). "3 Maccabees". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Allen, Leslie C. (2008). Jeremiah: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664222239.
• Bartlett, John R. (2003). "1 Maccabees". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Bernstein, Alan E. (1996). The Formation of Hell: Death and Retribution in the Ancient and Early Christian Worlds. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801481314.
• Berquist, Jon L. (2007). Approaching Yehud: New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period. SBL Press. ISBN 9781589831452.
• Biddle, Mark E. (2007). "Jeremiah". In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288803.
• Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2007). "Isaiah". In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288803.
• Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1996). A History of Prophecy in Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256395.
• Bloch, Ariel; Bloch, Chana (1995). The Song of Songs: A New Translation, With an Introduction and Commentary. Random House. ISBN 9780520213302.
• Boring, M. Eugene (2012). An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664255923.
• Brettler, Mark Zvi (2007). "Introduction to the Historical Books". In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288803.
• Brettler, Marc Zvi (2010). How to read the Bible. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 978-0-8276-0775-0.
• Campbell, Antony F.; O'Brien, Mark A. (2000). Unfolding the Deuteronomistic History. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451413687.
• Carr, David (2011). The Formation of the Hebrew Bible: A New Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199742608.
• Carr, David (2000). "Genesis, Book of". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.
• Carroll, M. Daniel (2003a). "Amos". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Carroll, M. Daniel (2003b). "Malachi". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Charlesworth, James H. (2008). The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426724756.
• Clements, Ronald E. (2003). "Proverbs". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Collins, John J. (1984). Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802800206.
• Collins, John J. (2002). "Current Issues in the Study of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004116757.
• Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (2007). "Editors' Introduction". In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288803.
• Day, John (1990). The Psalms. Old Testament guides. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-85075-703-0.

• Dell, Katherine J. (2003). "Job". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Dell, Katherine J (1996). "Reinventing the Wheel: the Shaping of the Book of Jonah". In Barton, John; Reimer, David James (eds.). After the exile: essays in honour of Rex Mason. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865545243.
• deSilva, David A. (2003). "4 Maccabees". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Dozeman, Thomas (2000). "Exodus, Book of". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.
• Duling, Dennis C. (2010). "The Gospel of Matthew". In Aune, David E. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-0825-6.
• Emmerson, Grace I. (2003). "Hosea". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Enns, Peter (2012). The Evolution of Adam. Baker Books. ISBN 9781587433153.
• Farmer, Kathleen A. (1998). "The Wisdom Books". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (eds.). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256524.
• Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2003). Tobit. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110175745.
• Floyd, Michael H (2000). Minor prophets. Vol. 2. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802844521.
• Fox, Michael V. (2004). The JPS Bible Commentary: Ecclesiastes. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 9780827609655.
• France, R.T (2007). The Gospel of Matthew. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802825018.
• Gelston, Anthony (2003b). "Habakkuk". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Gelston, Anthony (2003a). "Obadiah". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Gelston, Anthony (2003c). "Zephaniah". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Goldingay, John A. (2003). "Ezekiel". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Grabbe, Lester L. (2003). "Nehemiah". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). The History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period, Volume 1: Yehud, the Persian Province of Judah. Continuum. pp. 105 & 312. ISBN 9780567089984.
• Greifenhagen, Franz V. (2003). Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map: Constructing Biblical Israel's Identity. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780567391360.
• Harlow, Daniel C. (2003). "Additions to Daniel". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Hayes, John H. (1998). "The Songs of Israel". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (eds.). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256524.
• Hayman, A. Peter (2003). "Wisdom of Solomon". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Houston, Walter J (2003). "Leviticus". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Bible Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Joyce, Paul M. (2009). Ezekiel: A Commentary. Continuum. ISBN 9780567483614.
• Keener, Craig S. (2012). Acts: An Exegetical Commentary, Volume I: Introduction And 1:1-2:47. Baker Academic. ISBN 9781441236210.
• Kim, P.J (2003). "Letters of John". In Aune, David (ed.). Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664219178.
• Lincoln, Andrew (2005). Gospel According to St John. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781441188229.
• McDermott, John J (2002). Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction. Pauline Press. ISBN 9780809140824.
• McKenzie, Steven L. (2004). Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries: I & II Chronicles. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426759802.
• Nelson, Richard D. (2014). Historical Roots of the Old Testament (1200–63 BCE). SBL Press. ISBN 9781628370065.
• O'Brien, Julia M. (2002). Nahum. A&C Black. ISBN 9781841273006.
• Perkins, Pheme (2012). Reading the New Testament: An Introduction. Paulist Press. ISBN 9780809147861.
• Perkins, Pheme (1998). "The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story". In Barton, John (ed.). The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 241–58. ISBN 978-0-521-48593-7.
• Person, Raymond F. (2010). The Deuteronomic History and the Book of Chronicles. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 9781589835177.
• Powell, Mark Allan (2018). Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary and Theological Survey (2nd ed.). Baker Academic. ISBN 9781493413133.
• Radine, Jason (2010). The Book of Amos in Emergent Judah. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161501142.
• Redditt, Paul L (2003). "The Formation of the Book of the Twelve". In Redditt, Paul L; Schart, Aaron (eds.). Thematic threads in the Book of the Twelve. ISBN 9783110175943.
• Rogerson, John W. (2003a). "Micah". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Rogerson, John W. (2003b). "Deuteronomy". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Rogerson, John W. (2003c). "The History of the Tradition: Old Testament and Apocrypha". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Rogerson, John W. (2003d). "Nahum". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Schmitt, John J. (2003). "Baruch". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Seow, C.L. (2007). "Ecclesiastes". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288803.
• Snaith, John (2003). "Sirach". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
• Spencer, Richard A. (2002). "Additions to Daniel". In Mills, Watson E.; Wilson, Richard F. (eds.). Mercer Commentary on the Bible: The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865545106.
• Sweeney, Marvin A. (2010). The Prophetic Literature. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426730030.
• Sweeney, Marvin A. (1998). "The Latter Prophets". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (eds.). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256524.
• Van Seters, John (2004). The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary. T&T Clark International. ISBN 9780567080882.
• West, Gerald (2003). "Judith". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.