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Deep brain stimulation

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Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgery where doctors put wires that can carry corrective electric signals inside a patient's brain. Electronic equipment located outside the brain can then send signals to specific parts of the person's brain. DBS is used to treat many diseases. DBS has been used to treat pain disorder, Parkinson's disease, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette syndrome.[1] The Food and Drug Administration approved DBS as a treatment for tremors in 1997, for Parkinson's disease in 2002,[2] Tourette syndrome in 1999,[3] and dystonia in 2003.[4] DBS is helpful for most patients but there can be serious complications and side effects.

Applications

Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.[5] DBS does not cure Parkinson's, but it can help reduce symptoms and improve the patient’s life.[6] DBS is only used for patients whose symptoms cannot be controlled with medications.

DBS was approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Parkinson's in 2002.[2] DBS carries the risks of major surgery, with a complication rate related to the experience of the surgical team. The major complications include hemorrhage (1–2%) and infection (3–5%).[7]

Major depression

Deep brain stimulation has been used in a few patients to treat major depressive disorder(MDD).[8] It is hard to find a good target in the brain for DBS because there are few patients that have had DBS for MDD.[8]

A study of DBS for major depressive disorder and Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) looked at 23 patients — nine for OCD, seven for MDD, and one for both. It found that "about half the patients did show dramatic improvement" and that there were few side effects and complications.[9]

DBS for treatment resistant depression can be as effective as antidepressants, but side effects and complications need to be watched. Common side effects for DBS for MDD include infection, headache, bad mood, and suicidal thoughts.[10]

Tourette syndrome

In 1999, DBS was approved for Tourette syndrome - an inherited neurological disorder.[3] Deep brain stimulation is used to treat patients with severe Tourette syndrome when medication does not help the patient. Many patients have fewer symptoms after DBS.[11] In some patients, the DBS is only put on one side of the brain. This can reduce symptoms and patients may have fewer side effects when the stimulation is only put on one side of the brain.[12]

There are two places in the brain where the stimulation is placed. The stimulation is either put in the thalamus[11][12][13][14] or the globus pallidus pars interna.[15][16] The thalamus is a more common target for DBS, but both targets can reduce symptoms.[17] The best target for treating Tourette Syndrome with DBS is not yet defined.[17]

Other medical applications

Alzheimer disease

In 2012, a literature review showed some slowed onset of dementia and memory loss in six Alzheimer's disease patients who had DBS.[18]

Trauma/coma

In August 2007, US scientists used DBS on a 38-year-old man who was in a coma for six years because of a head injury.[19] The patient was able to wake up, open his eyes, and turn his head in response to talking. After more DBS, the patient could name objects and use his hands. He could also drink liquid and eat food by mouth.[20] Although DBS has worked for some patients with head injuries, DBS may not work for every patient with serious head injury and/or coma.

OCD

DBS has been used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)[21] The use of DBS for OCD is one of the most successful uses of DBS for any disease. It is not understood why DBS is so successful for OCD.[22]

Possible complications and side effects

DBS is helpful for some patients, but other patients have side effects and complications. Patients may experience side effects of apathy, hallucinations, addiction to gambling, hypersexuality, cognitive problems, and depression. However, these may be temporary and related to correct placement and calibration of the stimulator. Some side effects can go away after some time.[23]

Because the brain can move a little during surgery, there is the possibility that the electrodes can move out of place. This may cause more complications like personality changes. Electrode movement is easy to find using a CT scan. There may also be complications of surgery, such as bleeding within the brain.[13]

In an rare case, a patient with severe Tourette's Syndrome had very severe side effects and complications. The patient suffered from opisthotonus- when the muscles are contracted without the patient's control. The patient later died from other infections.[14]

References

  1. ↑ Kringelbach, Morten L. (1 August 2007). "Translational principles of deep brain stimulation". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. Jenkinson, Ned; Owen, Sarah L.F.; Aziz, Tipu Z. pp. 623–635. doi:10.1038/nrn2196. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.FDA approves implanted brain stimulator to control tremors. Retrieved October 18, 2006.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vandewalle, V (1 February 1999). "Stereotactic treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by high frequency stimulation of thalamus". The Lancet. van der Linden, Chr; Groenewegen, HJ; Caemaert, J. p. 724. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05964-9. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  4. ↑ 'Brain pacemaker' treats dystonia. KNBC TV, April 22, 2003. Retrieved October 18, 2006.
  5. ↑ Aminoff MJ, Greenberg DA, Simon RP (2005). Clinical Neurology (6th ed.). Lange: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 241–5. ISBN 0-07-142360-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Kleiner-Fisman G, Herzog J, Fisman DN, et al. "Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: summary and meta-analysis of outcomes." Mov Disord. 2006 Jun;21 Suppl 14:S290–304 PMID 16892449
  7. ↑ Doshi PK. "Long-term surgical and hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation". Stereotact Funct Neurosurg (2011). 89:2, 89–95. PMID 21293168
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Anderson, R. J., Frye, M. A., Abulseoud, O. A., Lee, K. H., McGillivray, J. A., Berk, M., & Tye, S. J. (2012). "Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: Efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 36(8), 1920–1933. PMID 22721950. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.001
  9. ↑ Lakhan SE, Callaway H. "Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder and treatment-resistant depression: systematic review". BMC Research Notes. 2010 Mar 4;3(1):60. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-60 PMID 20202203
  10. ↑ Moreines JL, McClintock SM, Holtzheimer PE. "Neuropsychologic effects of neuromodulation techniques for treatment-resistant depression: a review". Brain Stimul. 2011 Jan;4(1):17-27. PMID 21255751
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Savica, Rodolfo (1 January 2012). "Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome: A Description of 3 Patients With Excellent Outcome". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Stead, Matt; Mack, Kenneth J.; Lee, Kendall H.; Klassen, Bryan T. pp. 59–62. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.08.005. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kuhn, J (1 November 2011). "Clinical effectiveness of unilateral deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome". Translational Psychiatry. Bartsch, C; Lenartz, D; Huys, D; Daumann, J; Woopen, C; Hunsche, S; Maarouf, M; Klosterkötter, J; Sturm, V. pp. e52. doi:10.1038/tp.2011.51. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ackermans, L. (24 February 2011). "Double-blind clinical trial of thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome". Brain. Duits, A.; van der Linden, C.; Tijssen, M.; Schruers, K.; Temel, Y.; Kleijer, M.; Nederveen, P.; Bruggeman, R.; Tromp, S.; van Kranen-Mastenbroek, V.; Kingma, H.; Cath, D.; Visser-Vandewalle, V. pp. 832–844. doi:10.1093/brain/awq380. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Duits, A. (24 May 2012). "Unfavourable outcome of deep brain stimulation in a Tourette patient with severe comorbidity". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Ackermans, L.; Cath, D.; Visser-Vandewalle, V. pp. 529–531. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0285-6. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  15. ↑ Silburn, Peter (1 August 2012). "Deep Brain Stimulation of Anteromedial Globus Pallidus Interna for Severe Tourette's Syndrome". American Journal of Psychiatry. p. 860. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101583. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  16. ↑ Hwynn, Nelson (1 September 2012). "Improvement of Both Dystonia and Tics With 60 Hz Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation". International Journal of Neuroscience. Tagliati, Michele; Alterman, Ron L.; Limotai, Natlada; Zeilman, Pamela; Malaty, Irene A.; Foote, Kelly D.; Morishita, Takashi; Okun, Michael S. pp. 519–522. doi:10.3109/00207454.2012.683219. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ackermans, Linda (NaN undefined NaN). "Deep brain stimulation in Tourette's syndrome". Neurotherapeutics. Temel, Yasin; Visser-Vandewalle, Veerle. pp. 339–344. doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2008.01.009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  18. ↑ Oluigbo, C. O. (1 January 2012). "Deep Brain Stimulation for Neurological Disorders". IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering. Salma, A.; Rezai, A. R. pp. 88–99. doi:10.1109/RBME.2012.2197745. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  19. ↑ Implant boosts activity in injured brain. Nature news (August 1, 2007). Retrieved on August 1, 2007
  20. ↑ Schiff N. D. et al. "Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury". Nature. 448, 600–3. (2007) PMID 17671503
  21. ↑ Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H, Gybels J, Meyerson B (1999). "Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder". Lancet. 1999 Oct 30;354(9189):1526 PMID 10551504
  22. ↑ Benabid AL, Wallace B, Mitrofanis J, Xia R, Piallat B, Chabardes S, Berger F. (2005). "A putative generalized model of the effects and mechanism of action of high frequency electrical stimulation of the central nervous system". Acta Neurol Belg. 2005 Sep;105(3):149–57. PMID 16255153
  23. ↑ Burn D, Troster A (2004). "Neuropsychiatric Complications of Medical and Surgical Therapies for Parkinson's Disease". Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 17 (3): 172–180. doi:10.1177/0891988704267466. PMID 15312281.
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