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Higgs boson

The Higgs boson (or Higgs particle) is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of physics. In the 1960s Peter Higgs was the first person to suggest that this particle might exist. On 14 March 2013, scientists at CERN confirmed for the first time that they had found a Higgs particle.[5]

Higgs boson
Candidate Higgs Events in ATLAS and CMS.png
Candidate Higgs boson events from collisions between protons in the LHC. The top event in the CMS experiment shows a decay into two photons (dashed yellow lines and green towers). The lower event in the ATLAS experiment shows a decay into 4 muons (red tracks).[Note 1]
CompositionElementary particle
StatisticsBosonic
StatusA Higgs boson of mass ≈125 GeV has been tentatively confirmed by CERN on 14 March 2013,[1][2] although it is unclear as yet which model the particle best supports or whether multiple Higgs bosons exist.[2]
TheorisedR. Brout, F. Englert, P. Higgs, G.S. Guralnik, C.R. Hagen, and T.W.B. Kibble (1964)
DiscoveredLarge Hadron Collider (2011-2013)
Mass125.09±0.21 (stat.)±0.11 (syst.) GeV/c2 (CMS+ATLAS)[3]
Mean lifetime1.56×10−22 s [Note 2] (predicted)
Decays intobottom-antibottom pair (predicted)

two W bosons (observed)
two gluons (predicted)
tau-antitau pair (predicted)
two Z-bosons (observed)
two photons (observed)

various other decays (predicted)
Electric charge0 e
Colour charge0
Spin0 (tentatively confirmed at 125 GeV)[1]
Parity+1 (tentatively confirmed at 125 GeV)[1]
A computer-generated image of a Higgs interaction

The Higgs particle is one of the 17 particles in the Standard Model, the model of physics which describes all known basic particles. The Higgs particle is a boson. Bosons are thought to be particles which are responsible for all physical forces. Other known bosons are the photon, the W and Z bosons, and the gluon. Scientists do not yet know how to combine gravity with the Standard Model.[6][7][8]

The Higgs field is a fundamental field of crucial importance to particle physics theory.[7] Unlike other known fields such as the electromagnetic field, the Higgs field takes the same non-zero value almost everywhere. The question of the Higgs field's existence was the last unverified part of the Standard Model of particle physics and, according to some, was "the central problem in particle physics".[9][10]

It is difficult to detect the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson is very massive compared to other particles, so it does not last very long. There are usually no Higgs bosons around because it takes so much energy to make one.[7] The Large Hadron Collider at CERN was built mainly for this reason. It speeds up two bunches of particles to almost light speed (travelling in opposite directions), before setting them on a path to collide with each other.

Each collision produces a flurry of new particles which are detected by detectors around the point where they collide. There is still only a very small chance, one in 10 billion, of a Higgs boson appearing and being detected. To find the few collisions with evidence of the Higgs boson, the LHC smashes together trillions of particles, and supercomputers sift through a massive amount of data.

Higgs bosons obey the conservation of energy law, which states that no energy is created or destroyed, but instead can be transferred or change form. First, the energy starts out in the gauge boson that interacts with the Higgs field. This energy is in the form of kinetic energy as movement. After the gauge boson interacts with the Higgs field, it slows down. This slowing down reduces the amount of kinetic energy in the gauge boson. However, this energy is not destroyed. Instead, the energy from the motion goes into the field and is converted into mass-energy, which is the energy stored in mass. The mass created can become what we call a Higgs boson. The amount of mass created comes from Einstein's famous equation E=mc2, which states that mass is equal to a large amount of energy (for example, 1 kg of mass is equivalent to almost 90 quadrillion joules of energy—the same amount of energy used by the entire world in roughly an hour and a quarter in 2008). Since the amount of mass-energy created by the Higgs field is equal to the amount of kinetic energy that the gauge boson lost by slowing down, energy is conserved.

Higgs bosons are used in many science fiction stories. The physicist Leon Lederman called it the "God particle" in 1993.

Discovery

On 12 December 2011, the two teams at the Large Hadron Collider looking for the Higgs boson, ATLAS and CMS, announced that they had finally seen results which could suggest the Higgs boson existed;[11] however, they did not know for certain if this was true.

On 4 July 2012, the teams at the Large Hadron Collider declared that they had discovered a particle which they think is the Higgs boson.[12]

On 14 March 2013 the teams had done much more testing, and announced that they now think the new particle is a Higgs boson.[5]

Higgs Boson Media

  • The "Sombrero potential" of the Higgs field is responsible for some particles gaining mass.

  • Diagram showing the Higgs boson and top quark masses, which could indicate whether our universe is stable, or a long-lived 'bubble'. As of 2012, the 2σ ellipse based on Tevatron and LHC data still allows for both possibilities.

  • 2010 Sakurai Prize Winners - (L to R) Kibble, Guralnik, Hagen, Englert, and Brout

  • Higgs, Peter (1929) cropped

  • Nobel Prize Laureate Peter Higgs in Stockholm, December 2013

  • Production of Higgs boson by gluon fusion, and subsequent decay into two photons. Vector version of

  • HiggsDigamma.png by User:MuonRay.

  • Production of Higgs boson by gluon fusion, and subsequent decay into four leptons (electrons or muons). Vector version of

  • Higgs4Lepton.png by User:MuonRay.

  • Summary of interactions between certain particles described by the Standard Model

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 O'Luanaigh, C. (14 March 2013). "New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson". CERN. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bryner, J. (14 March 2013). "Particle confirmed as Higgs boson". NBC News. http://science.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/14/17311477-particle-confirmed-as-higgs-boson. Retrieved 2013-03-14. 
  3. ↑ ATLAS; CMS (26 March 2015). "Combined Measurement of the Higgs Boson Mass inpp Collisions ats=7and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS Experiments". Physical Review Letters. 114 (19): 191803. arXiv:1503.07589. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.191803. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 26024162.
  4. ↑ LHC Higgs Cross Section Working Group; Dittmaier; Mariotti; Passarino; Tanaka; Alekhin; Alwall; Bagnaschi; Banfi (2012). "Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 2. Differential Distributions". CERN Report 2 (Tables A.1 – A.20). 1201: 3084. arXiv:1201.3084. Bibcode:2012arXiv1201.3084L. doi:10.5170/CERN-2012-002. S2CID 119287417.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "New results indicate that particle discovered at CERN is a Higgs boson | Media and Press Relations". press.cern. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
  6. ↑ Onyisi P. 2012. "Higgs boson FAQ". University of Texas ATLAS group. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Strassler M. 2012 (11 October 2012). "The Higgs FAQ 2.0". ProfMattStrassler.com. Retrieved 2013-01-08. [Q] Why do particle physicists care so much about the Higgs particle?
    [A] Well, actually, they don't. What they really care about is the Higgs field, because it is so important. [emphasis in original]
  8. ↑ The Grand Patchwork. quantum excitation Archived 2016-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ José Luis Lucio and Arnulfo Zepeda (1987). Proceedings of the II Mexican School of Particles and Fields, Cuernavaca-Morelos, 1986. World Scientific. p. 29. ISBN 9971504340.
  10. ↑ Gunion, Dawson, Kane, and Haber (199). The Higgs Hunter's Guide (1st ed.). Avalon. pp. 11 (?). ISBN 9780786743186.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[dead link] – quoted as being in the first (1990) edition of the book by Peter Higgs in his talk "My Life as a Boson", 2001, ref#25.
  11. ↑ Rincon, Paul (13 December 2011). LHC: Higgs Boson 'may have been glimpsed. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16158374. Retrieved 13 December 2011. 
  12. ↑ BBC News - Higgs boson-like particle discovery claimed at LHC - Retrieved 4 July 2012

Notes

  1. ↑ Such events also occur by other processes. So, detection needs a statistically significant excess of such events at specific energies.
  2. ↑ In the Standard Model, the total decay width of a Higgs boson with a mass of 126 GeV/c2 is predicted to be 4.21×10−3 GeV.[4] The mean lifetime is given by [math]\displaystyle{ \tau = \hbar/\Gamma }[/math].

Other websites

  • The Official Website of ATLAS Project, a leading Higgs Boson research project: atlas.ch
  • Higgs boson -Citizendium
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