Ironclad warship
An ironclad is a ship protected by iron or steel armor plates. The first recorded use of an ironclad was during the Japanese invasion of Korea. Western use of ironclads began about the second half of the 19th century.[1] The Western ironclad was developed because up to then wooden warships were easily damaged by explosive or incendiary shells.
History
In 1592 Admiral Yi Sun-sin put armor plates on his "tortoise-ships". These protected the sides and top from bullets, arrows and fire. This allowed his small fleet to be victorious in several battles with the ese fleet.[2] The first Western ironclad battleship, "Gloire", was launched by the French Navy in November 1859.[3] The British Admiralty had been considering armored warships since 1856. They prepared a draft design for an armored corvette in 1857. In early 1859 the Royal Navy started building two iron-hulled armored frigates, and by 1861 had made the decision to move to an all-armored battle fleet. After the first clashes of ironclads (both with wooden ships and with one another) took place in 1862 during the American Civil War. It became clear that the ironclad had replaced the unarmored ship of the line as the most powerful warship afloat. This type of ship would come to be very successful in the American Civil War.[4]
By the 1870s, ironclads were the main warships of the world's most powerful Navies.[5] But the ironclad era only lasted about 50 years. By the 1890s most sailing ironclads had been replaced by modern battleships.[6]
Ironclad Warship Media
The first battle between ironclads: CSS Virginia (left) vs. USS Monitor, in the March 1862 Battle of Hampton Roads
Napoléon (1850), the first steam battleship
French Navy ironclad floating battery Lave, 1854. This ironclad, together with the similar Tonnante and Dévastation, vanquished Russian land batteries at the Battle of Kinburn (1855).
Mexican frigate Guadalupe 1842
Model of the French Gloire (1858), the first ocean-going ironclad
HMS Warrior (1860), Britain's first seagoing ironclad warship
Canonicus-class monitor USS Mahopac on the Appomattox River, 1864
The Confederate ironclad Atlanta on the James River in 1864–1865 after her capture by Union forces
City-class ironclads off Cairo, Illinois, during the American Civil War
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References
- ↑ Hill, Richard. War at Sea in the Ironclad Age ISBN 0-304-35273-X; p. 17.
- ↑ Jack Greene; Alessandro Massignani, Ironclads At War: The Origin And Development of The Armored Battleship, 1854–1891 (Boston: De Capo Press, 1998), p. 16
- ↑ Sondhaus, Lawrence. Naval Warfare 2011–2015 ISBN 0-415-21478-5, pp. 73–4.
- ↑ Sondhaus, Naval Warfare 1815–1914 p. 86.
- ↑ Angus Konstam, The History of Shipwrecks (New York: Lyons Press, 2002), p. 178
- ↑ Robert K. Massie, Dreadnought (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992), p. 396