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Kurdistan

Kurdistan (Kurdish: کوردستان; [ˌkʊɾdɪˈstɑːn] ( listen)),[3] or Greater Kurdistan,[4][5] is the region in the Middle East where the Kurds inhabit[6] and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based.[7]

Kurdistan
کوردستان  (Kurdish)
Flag of Kurdistan
Anthem: 
Kurdish-inhabited areas (according to the CIA, 1992)[1][2]
Kurdish-inhabited areas (according to the CIA, 1992)[1][2]
StatusStateless nation
Demonym(s)Kurd
Today part of

Geographically, Kurdistan is located between the northwestern Zagros and the eastern Taurus mountain ranges. Kurdistan is home to many religions with the main ones being Islam, Yazidism, Christianity, Alevism, and Yarsanism.[7]

Geography

Kurdistan is made up of four regions: southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan), and northeastern Syria (Western Kurdistan).[7][8][9]

Some definitions also include parts of southern Transcaucasia.[7][10] Some Kurdish nationalist organizations seek to create an independent nation state having some or all of these areas, while others want more autonomy within the existing national borders.[11]

Naming

Historically, the word "Kurdistan" is first written in 11th-century Seljuk records[12] Many Kurdish dynasties, emirates, principalities, and chiefdoms were established from the 8th to 19th centuries.

The 20th century saw the establishment of the short-lived areas of the Kurdish state (1918–1919), Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921–1924), Kurdistansky Uyezd i.e. "Red Kurdistan" (1923–1929), Republic of Ararat (1927–1930), and Republic of Mahabad (1946). The Corduene was also used to refer to the region.

Self-rule

Iraqi Kurdistan first gained autonomous status in a 1970 agreement with the Iraqi government, and its status was re-confirmed as the autonomous Kurdistan Region in Iraq in 2005.[13] There is also a Kurdistan Province in Iran, but it has no autonomous control.

Kurds fighting in the Syrian Civil War were able to take control of large parts of northern Syria and establish self-governing regions in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, namely the Rojava, where they want autonomy in a hypothetical post-war federal Syria.[14]

Kurdistan Media

  • Map of Jibal (mountains of northeastern Mesopotamia), highlighting "Summer and winter resorts of the Kurds", the Kurdish lands. Redrawn from Ibn Hawqal, 977 CE.

  • The map from Mahmud al-Kashgari's Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk (1072–74), included Kurdistan.

  • British Government 1921 proposal from the Colonial Secretary, Winston Churchill, for an autonomous region of Kurdistan.

  • 1803 map from the Cedid Atlas, the first Muslim atlas, showing Kurdistan in blue

  • Kurdistan (shaded area) as suggested by the Treaty of Sèvres

  • Abdullah Öcalan pictured 1997

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    Military situation on Script error: No such module "Iraq_Syria_map_date".:     Controlled by Syrian Kurds     Controlled by Iraqi Kurds     Controlled by the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIL, ISIS, IS)

  • Historic map from 1721 showing borders of Curdistan provinces in Persia

  • The States outlined in red are two Kurdish States named Hakkiari and Mosul in this 1902 map. They are referred to as Upper Kurdistan and Lower Kurdistan respectively.

  • A typical Kurdish village in Hawraman, Kurdistan

References

  1. ↑ Kurdish lands. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  2. ↑ The Kurdish lands.. Library of Congress. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  3. ↑ Kurdistan. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  4. ↑ Turkey demands Google remove Greater Kurdistan map by Rudaw, December 25, 2018
  5. ↑ Kaya, Zeynep. Mapping Kurdistan: Territory, Self-Determination and Nationalism (2020)Cambridge University Press. p. 2, 137, 177, 197.
  6. ↑ Zaken, Mordechai. Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival (2007). Leiden, The Netherlands: BRILL. p. 1–2. ISBN 9789004161900.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3
  8. ↑ Bois, Th. Kurds, Kurdistān. Encyclopaedia of Islam (2002)BRILL. ISBN 9789004161214.
  9. ↑ Bengio, Ofra. Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland (2014)University of Texas Press. p. 2.
  10. ↑ Kurdistan. World Encyclopedia (2014)Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199546091.
  11. ↑ Hamit Bozarslan “The Kurdish Question: Can it be solved within Europe?”, page 84 “The years of silence and of renewal” in Olivier Roy, ed. Turkey Today: A European Country?.
  12. ↑ Mitchell 2010.
  13. ↑ Iraqi Constitution, Article 113.
  14. ↑ Kurds seek autonomy in democratic Syria. BBC. 16 August 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19291072. 

Other sources

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