Myxobolus cerebralis
Myxobolus cerebralis is a small Myxozoan parasite that eats the insides of fish like salmon and trout, causing whirling disease.
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| Triactinomyxon stage of Myxobolus cerebralis - note the three "tails" | |
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This is a problem in fish farming and also in natural fish populations. In the last 100 years, it has spread to most of Europe (including Russia), the United States, South Africa, and other countries.[1] In the 1980s, people found out that M. cerebralis needs to live in a worm before it can live in a fish.[1] It infects both the fish and the worm by poking a hole in them and putting part of itself in.
Whirling disease hurts young fish the most, and can hurt bones and nerves. Fish with the disease do not swim very well, and they "whirl" or spin instead of swimming straight. This makes it hard for the fish to get food and get away from danger.[2] Dealing with M. cerebralis costs more money than most other parasites in its group (which are called "myxozoans"). People do not get sick with whirling disease, though; only fish do.[3]
M. cerebralis has become well-established, particularly in North America. It has caused the decline of whole cohorts of fish.[4][5]
Shape
M. cerebralis has many stages ranging from single cells to bigger spores. Scientists have not studied all the stages very well yet.[6]
Triactinomyxon stage
M. cerebralis has many diverse stages ranging from single cells to relatively large spores, not all of which have been studied in detail. The kind of M. cerebralis that can attack fish is called a "Triactinomyxon", and there is a picture of it on the right. There are three "tails" that are each about 200 micrometers long, and another piece that is about 150 micrometers (μm) long. That piece has 64 cells in it.[2] There are also three harpoon-like weapons that can attack the fish.[3] They shoot into the fish, making a hole that the 64 cells can go into. Those cells make more cells that go to the cartilage near the fish's brain.[6]
Myxosporean stage
The kind of M. cerebralis that comes out of fish is called a "Myxospore". They are sort of round and fat in the middle like a lentil or a convex lens. They are about 10 micrometers across and are made of six cells. Two are for the harpoon weapons, two are for protecting the Myxospore, and two are for going into a worm after the weapons make a hole. Myxospores from M. cerebralis look a lot like Myxospores from other species that are sometimes in fish skin, muscle, or brains, and so it's hard to tell them apart.
Myxobolus Cerebralis Media
Skeletal deformation in a mature brook trout caused by M. cerebralis infection.
The normally uniform trout cartilage is scarred with lesions in which M. cerebralis spores develop, weakening and deforming the connective tissues.
M. cerebralis has been reported in Germany (1893), Italy (1954), USSR (1955), including Sakhalin Island (1960), USA (1958), Bulgaria (1960), Yugoslavia (1960), Sweden (1966), South Africa (1966), Scotland (1968), New Zealand (1971), Ecuador (1971), Norway (1971), Colombia (1972), Lebanon (1973), Ireland (1974), Spain (1981) and England (1981)
References
- ↑ Bartholomew, J.L.; Reno, P.W. (2002). "The history and dissemination of whirling disease". American Fisheries Society Symposium. 29: 3–24.
- ↑ Gilbert, M. A.; Granath, W. O. Jr. (2003). "Whirling disease and salmonid fish: life cycle, biology, and disease". Journal of Parasitology. 89 (4): 658–667. doi:10.1645/ge-82r. JSTOR 3285855. PMID 14533670. S2CID 8950955.
- ↑ Kent, M. L.; Margolis, L.; Corliss, J.O. (1994). "The demise of a class of protists: taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions proposed for the protist phylum Myxozoa Grasse, 1970". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 72 (5): 932–937. doi:10.1139/z94-126.
- ↑ Nehring R.B. 1996. Whirling disease in feral trout populations in Colorado. In E.P. Bergersen And B.A.Knoph (eds) Proceedings: Whirling Disease Workshop––where do we go from here? Colorado Cooperative Fish And Wildlife Research Unit, Fort Collins, p159.
- ↑ Vincent E.R. 1996. Whirling disease—the Montana experience, Madison River. In E.P. Bergersen And B.A.Knoph (eds) Proceedings: Whirling Disease Workshop—where do we go from here? Colorado Cooperative Fish And Wildlife Research Unit, Fort Collins, p159.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hedrick, R. P.; El-Matbouli, M. (2002). "Recent advances with taxonomy, life cycle, and development of Myxobolus cerebralis in the fish and oligochaete hosts". American Fisheries Society Symposium. 29: 45–53.
Other websites
- Report of the World Trade Organization on Australian restrictions on salmon imports
- The Whirling Disease Foundation Archived 2005-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
- The Whirling Disease Initiative Archived 2012-06-30 at Archive.today