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Republic of Artsakh

Artsakh (officially the Republic of Artsakh; /ˈɑːrtsæx/; Armenian: Արցախի Հանրապետություն, Artsakhi Hanrapetutyun), or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (/nəˌɡɔːrnoʊ kærəˈbæk/),[3] was a separatist state in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of the South Caucasus. It controlled its own land but is legally part of Azerbaijan.

Republic of Artsakh
Արցախի Հանրապետություն
Artsakhi Hanrapetutyun
Нагорно-Карабахская Республика
Nagorno-Karabakhskaya Respublika
Anthem: 
Territory controlled by Artsakh in dark green, claimed territory in light green.
Territory controlled by Artsakh in dark green, claimed territory in light green.
StatusUnrecognised state
Recognised by 3 non-UN members
Capital
and largest city
Stepanakert
39°52′N 46°43′E / 39.867°N 46.717°E / 39.867; 46.717Coordinates: 39°52′N 46°43′E / 39.867°N 46.717°E / 39.867; 46.717
Official languagesArmenian and Russian
Demonym(s)Artsakhi
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic
• President
Samvel Shahramanyan
Arthur Tovmasyan
LegislatureNational Assembly
Independence from the Soviet Union
• Autonomy
2 September 1991[1]
• Declared
10 December 1991
Area
• Total
3,170 km2 (1,220 sq mi)[source?]
Population
• 2015 census
150,932[2] (191st)
GDP (PPP)2019 estimate
• Total
$713 million (n/a)
• Per capita
$4,803 (n/a)
Currency
(AMD)
Time zoneUTC+4 (AMT)
Driving sideright
Calling code+374 47c
  1. The constitution guarantees "the free use of other languages spread among the population".
  2. Head of state and head of government, after the post of prime minister was abolished following a constitutional referendum.
  3. +374 97 for mobile phones.

History

Armenian people have lived there since classical antiquity. In the 11th century the Seljuk invasion swept over the Middle East, including the South Caucasus. Nomadic Turkic Oghuz Seljuk tribes, which also include the Azerbaijanis, came during this invasion. They became dominant in Nagorno-Karabakh.[4] From this time, until the beginning of the 20th century, these tribes used Mountainous Karabakh as their summer pastures. They stayed there for about four to five months per year, and in fact, they owned the region.[5][6]

Armenia and Azerbaijan have disputed the area since 1918. After the Soviet Union established control over the area, in 1923 it formed the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR. In the final years of the Soviet Union, Armenia and Azerbaijan started to dispute the region again. This dispute caused the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 1993 to 1994.

On 10 December 1991, a referendum (vote) was held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumian region. The referendum asked voters the question: "Should this area be independent from Azerbaijan?" The Azerbaijani people boycotted the referendum: they protested by choosing not to vote. This resulted in a declaration of independence from Azerbaijan as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. The country was not recognized by any UN member state, including Armenia.

There was dispute over the country's status ever since it was created. Azerbaijan claimed that they had the right to control Artsakh. Armenia supported Artsakh. From 2020 to 2023, there were multiple fights between Artsakh and Azerbaijan. On 28 September 2023, President Samvel Shahramanyan signed a deal with Azerbaijan's government to close down Artsakh's government by 1 January 2024, bringing an end to Artsakh. By October, almost all of the population had fled to Armenia.

File:Location Nagorno-Karabakh en.png
The border of the Nagorno-Karabakh region after the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Armenian forces of Nagorno-Karabakh controlled the areas colored in light yellow which was 17% of Azerbaijan's territory. The borders changed very little between 1994 and 2020
File:2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.svg
Territorial change after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war:      Areas recaptured by Azerbaijan during the war      Areas returned to Azerbaijan under the ceasefire agreement      Areas in Nagorno-Karabakh proper remaining under the control of the Republic of Artsakh      Lachin corridor and Dadivank monastery, patrolled by Russian peacekeepers

Geography

The Artsakh Republic has a lot of mountains. It is 11,500 km2 (4,440 sq mi) in area, and borders Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. The highest peaks in the country are Mount Mrav, 3,340 metres (10,958 ft), and Mount Kirs 2,725 metres (8,940 ft). The major rivers are the Terter and Khachen rivers.[7] Most rivers in the country flow towards the Artsakh valley.[8]

The climate in the Artsakh Republic is mild. It is foggy for over 100 days a year. More than 36% of the country is forested.

Demographics

See also: 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

In 2005, the country's population was 137,737. The ethnic composition was 137,380 (99.74%) Armenians, 171 (0.12%) Russians, 21 (0.02%) Ukrainians, 6 (0.00%) Azerbaijanis and 159 (0.12%) others.

The first demographic census in the Artsakh Republic took place in 1769. It was a letter from Heraclius II of Georgia to Russia's Petr Ivanovich Panin, and said, "Seven families rule the region of Khamse. Its population is totally Armenian." [9][10]

In 2014, the life expectancy for males was 71.6 years, and females 76.8 years.[11]

Republic Of Artsakh Media

  • Republic of Artsakh 1994–2020 (orthographic projection).svg

    Republic of Artsakh 1994–2020 (orthographic projection)

  • Chartar2.jpg

    The town of Chartar in 2010

  • Stepanakert June 2015.jpg

    General view of the capital Stepanakert in 2015

  • Wall with images of fallen Armenian soldiers during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.jpg

    Wall with images of fallen Armenian soldiers during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

  • Ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh seeking refuge due to attacks by Azerbaijani armed forces.png

    Russian peacekeepers help evacuate Armenian refugees from Stepanakert.

  • Topo map Artsakh en.png

    Topographic map of Artsakh in the borders 1994−2020

  • NKR Parliament, Stepanakert.jpg

    The National Assembly of Artsakh in Stepanakert

  • Presidential, NKR, Stepanakert.jpg

    Presidential palace, NKR, Stepanakert

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  2. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  3. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  4. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  5. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  6. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  7. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  8. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  9. ↑ Цагарели А. А. Грамота и гругие исторические документы XVIII столетия, относяшиеся к Грузии, Том 1. СПб 1891, ц. 434-435. This book is available online from Google Books
  10. ↑ Bournoutian, George A. Armenians and Russia, 1626-1796: A Documentary Record. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2001, page 246
  11. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).

Other websites

Official websites
Media
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