Liberal arts

Diagram of the seven liberal arts (12th century)

Liberal arts is the term given to contemporary programmes of education which include areas of study across the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and the arts. It has its origins in Ancient Greece^[1] and began with a "desire for a universal understanding".^[2] Simply put liberal arts education aimed at holistic education. This can be simplified even further to an education born out of the development of number and language. It developed throughout classical antiquity but began with Pythagoras^[1] and his interest in all things mathematical. Pythagoras learnt a lot from the Ancient Egyptians and eventually after hundreds of years and various contributions this knowledge became the four specialisms (Quadrivium) of astronomy, arithmetic, geometry and music. Language became more and more important in human affairs and by 4th century Athens it was paramount to how the city state (polis) was governed. Therefore education also began to include instruction in how to speak well. Again over hundreds of years and with numerous contributions this became formalised as the three language arts (Trivium) of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric.

Liberal arts became formalised in the middle ages drawing on its origins in Ancient Greek and Roman culture. Perhaps the most famous image of the Liberal Arts is plate 11, Philosophy and the Liberal Arts^[3] from the Garden of Delights (The Hortus deliciarum) which was created by a group of women^[4] in the 12th century. In the image [right] you can see the seven liberal arts arranged around the Queen Philosophy who sits above Socrates and Plato. "Their encyclopedia compiled ideas drawn from philosophy, theology, literature, music, arts, and sciences and was intended as a teaching tool for women of the abbey who focused on Liberal Arts Education."^[4]

Being holistic, liberal arts education aimed at bringing the theoretical and practical together. As Dante put it, so "that the theoretical intellect by extension becomes practical, its goal then being doing and making".^[5] It was intended to be a mental and practical education which by the time of the Renaissance realised a many sided individual.

Historically it was an education reserved only for the elite, and students were predominantly young gentlemen from wealthy families deemed respectable and important. Today, in the USA liberal arts education is still restricted to "elites" who can afford to pay significant fees to attend exclusive liberal arts colleges.^[6] Across Europe^[7] liberal arts education is now far more affordable^[8] with some Universities explicitly stating that it can now "be enjoyed by everyone."

The four liberal arts

The four liberal arts were taught in two groups: the trivium and the quadrivium :

Trivium
- Grammar
- Dialectic (logic)
- Rhetoric

During the Middle Ages, the liberal arts were central to university education. The quadrivium followed the preparatory work of the trivium.

The area and range of the liberal arts evolved in time. Originally, most of the teaching, and all of the text-books, would have been in Latin, the language the students would have learnt at school before they came to college. In the beginning the courses were aimed at educating the elite in the classical works. Eventually, the meaning of "liberal arts" got extended to include both humanities and science. But even today, practical activities as agriculture, business, engineering, pedagogy or pharmacy are excluded from the liberal arts. The liberal professions include only professions which require education at university, mainly law and medicine.

The trivium

The trivium (Latin for three ways), included the literary disciplines:

Grammar, the science of the correct usage of language. It helps a person to speak and write correctly;
Dialectic (or logic), the science of correct thinking. It helps you to arrive at the truth;
Rhetoric, the science of expression, especially persuasion. Ways of organizing a speech or document. Adapting it so that people understand it, and believe it.

The quadrivium

The quadrivium (Latin for four ways), included the disciplines connected with mathematics. They were:

arithmetic teaches about numbers;
geometry teaches about calculating spaces;
astronomy teaches about the stars;
music teaches ratio and proportion and is related to melody and song as it was in the Middle Ages.

Liberal arts colleges, USA

Liberal arts colleges are a modern re-interpretation of the old idea. Mostly in the United States, these colleges concentrate on good teaching, and are closer to the Oxford & Cambridge type of tuition than most universities. They are mostly or entirely fee-paying institutions, and so continue to offer an elite education to students from prosperous families or gifted students through significant financial aid. The courses are mostly or entirely undergraduate courses.

Publications on the subject

Charles Blaich, Anne Bost, Ed Chan, and Richard Lynch 2004. Defining liberal arts education^{[dead link]}. Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts.
Sister Miriam Joseph (2002) The Trivium: the liberal arts of logic, grammar, and rhetoric. Paul Dry Books.
Brand Blanshard 1973. The uses of a liberal education: and other talks to students. Open Court. ISBN 0-8126-9429-5
Winterer, Caroline 2002. The culture of classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American intellectual life, 1780-1910. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Liberal Arts Media

Philosophia et septem artes liberales, "philosophy and the seven liberal arts." From the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg (12th century)
Allegory of the seven liberal arts, The Phoebus Foundation
Page, with illustration of Music, from Marriage of Mercury and Philology
Thompson Library at Vassar College in New York
Thriumph of S. Tomas & Allegory of the Sciences by Andrea di Bonaluto. Frasco, 1365–68, Basilica di S. Maria Novella.
A young man introduced to the seven Liberal Arts by Sandro Boticelli, c. 1484. Fresco in Villa Lemni, Florence.