Volcanic eruption
A volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and gas compounds are some of these "ejecta".
It is worth remembering that the Earth below its solid cruse is still very hot, even after its long existence (over 4,000 million years).
Eruptions can come from side branches or from the top of the volcano. Some eruptions are terrible explosions that throw out huge amounts of rock and volcanic ash and can kill many people. Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may show a range of types in a series.
Volcanic Explosivity Index
The Volcanic Explosivity Index (commonly shortened VEI) is a scale, from 0 to 8, for measuring the strength of eruptions. It is used by the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program to assess historic and prehistoric lava flows. It works in a way similar to the Richter scale for earthquakes: each interval in value is a tenfold increase in magnitude (it is logarithmic). Most volcanic eruptions are of VEIs between 0 and 2.
Volcanic eruptions by VEI index
| VEI | Plume height | Eruptive volume * | Eruption type | Frequency ** | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | <100 m (330 ft) | 1,000 m3 (35,300 cu ft) | Hawaiian | Continuous | Kīlauea |
| 1 | 100–1,000 m (300–3,300 ft) | 10,000 m3 (353,000 cu ft) | Hawaiian/Strombolian | Months | Stromboli |
| 2 | 1–5 km (1–3 mi) | 1,000,000 m3 (35,300,000 cu ft) † | Strombolian/Vulcanian | Months | Galeras (1992) |
| 3 | 3–15 km (2–9 mi) | 10,000,000 m3 (353,000,000 cu ft) | Vulcanian | Yearly | Nevado del Ruiz (1985) |
| 4 | 10–25 km (6–16 mi) | 100,000,000 m3 (0.024 cu mi) | Vulcanian/Peléan | Few years | Eyjafjallajökull (2010) |
| 5 | >25 km (16 mi) | 1 km3 (0.24 cu mi) | Plinian | 5–10 years | Mount St. Helens (1980) |
| 6 | >25 km (16 mi) | 10 km3 (2 cu mi) | Plinian/Ultra Plinian | 1,000 years | Krakatoa (1883) |
| 7 | >25 km (16 mi) | 100 km3 (20 cu mi) | Ultra Plinian | 10,000 years | Tambora (1815) |
| 8 | >25 km (16 mi) | 1,000 km3 (200 cu mi) | Supervolcanic | 100,000 years | Lake Toba (74 ka) |
| * This is the minimum eruptive volume necessary for the eruption to be considered within the category. ** Values are a rough estimate. Exceptions occur. † There is a discontinuity between the 2nd and 3rd VEI level; instead of increasing by a magnitude of 10, the value increases by a magnitude of 100 (from 10,000 to 1,000,000). | |||||
Volcanic Eruption Media
Scheme of a hawaiian eruption. * 1. Ash plume * 2. Lava fountain * 3. Crater * 4. Lava lake * 5. Fumaroles * 6. Lava flow * 7. Layers of lava and ash * 8. Stratum * 9. Sill * 10. Magma conduit * 11. Magma chamber * 12. Dike
Strombolian Eruption-numbers
An example of the lava arcs formed during Strombolian activity. This image is of Stromboli itself.
Vulcanian Eruption-numbers
Tavurvur in Papua New Guinea erupting
Scheme of a peléan eruption. * Ash plume * Volcanic ash rain * Lava dome *
Scheme of a plinian eruption. * 1. Ash plume * 2. Magma conduit * 3. Volcanic ash fall * 4. Layers of lava and ash * 5. Stratum * 6. Magma chamber
