Alhazen
Alhazen[6] or Alhacen or ibn al-Haytham (965–1039) was a pioneer of modern optics. Some have also described him as a "pioneer of the modern scientific method" and "first scientist", but others think this overstates his contribution.[7] Alhazen's Risala fi’l-makan (Treatise on Place) discussed theories on the motion of a body. He maintained that a body moves perpetually unless an external force stops it or changes its direction of motion. He laid foundations for telescopic astronomy.
Alhazen Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham | |
|---|---|
ابن الهيثم | |
 Engraving by Jeremias Falck after Adolph Boÿ, 1647 | |
| Born | c. 965 (c. 354 AH)[1] |
| Died | {{{3}}}, 1040 (c. 430 AH)[1] (aged around 75) |
| Known for | Book of Optics, Doubts Concerning Ptolemy, Alhazen's problem, analysis,[2] Catoptrics,[3] horopter, Spherical aberration, intromission theory of visual perception, moon illusion, experimental science, scientific methodology,[4] animal psychology[5] |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physics, mathematics, astronomy |
He was an Arab[8][9] Muslim polymath who made contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, Muslim theology, visual perception. He is sometimes called al-Basri (Arabic: البصري), after his birthplace in the city of Basra in Iraq (Mesopotamia).
Alhazen lived mainly in Cairo, Egypt, dying there at age 74.[10] Over-confident about practical application of his mathematical knowledge, he thought he could regulate the floods of the Nile.[11] When he was ordered by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth ruler of the Fatimid caliphate, to carry out this operation, he realized he could not do it, and retired from engineering. Fearing for his life, he pretended to be mad,[12] and was placed under house arrest. For the rest of his life he devoted himself entirely to his scientific work.[10]
Alhazen Media
Front page of the Opticae Thesaurus, which included the first printed Latin translation of Alhazen's Book of Optics. The illustration incorporates many examples of optical phenomena including perspective effects, the rainbow, mirrors, and refraction.
The structure of the human eye according to Ibn al-Haytham. Note the depiction of the optic chiasm. —Manuscript copy of his Kitāb al-Manāẓir (MS Fatih 3212, vol. 1, fol. 81b, Süleymaniye Mosque Library, Istanbul)
Alhazen's geometrically proven summation formula
The lunes of Alhazen. The two blue lunes together have the same area as the green right triangle.
Cover page of the Latin translation of Kitāb al-Manāẓir
Hevelius's Selenographia, showing Alhasen [sic] representing reason, and Galileo representing the senses
Related pages
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lorch, Richard. Ibn al-Haytham: Arab astronomer and mathematician (1 February 2017)Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ↑ O'Connor & Robertson 1999.
- ↑ El-Bizri 2010, p. 11: "Ibn al-Haytham's groundbreaking studies in optics, including his research in catoptrics and dioptrics (respectively the sciences investigating the principles and instruments pertaining to the reflection and refraction of light), were principally gathered in his monumental opus: Kitåb al-manåóir (The Optics; De Aspectibus or Perspectivae; composed between 1028 CE and 1038 CE)."
- ↑ Rooney 2012, p. 39: "As a rigorous experimental physicist, he is sometimes credited with inventing the scientific method."
- ↑ Baker 2012, p. 449: "As shown earlier, Ibn al-Haytham was among the first scholars to experiment with animal psychology.
- ↑ Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham (Arabic: أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Latinized: Alhacen or Ibn al-Haytham)
- ↑ Smith, Mark A. 1992. quote: "It is equally true that he has recourse to numerous experiments, some quite elaborate. But by modern standards these experiments are negligible in terms both of theoretical scope and of demonstrated effects. Not unexpectedly, in fact, Ibn al-Haytham's experimentalism has far more in common with that of Ptolemy than with that of Pavlov or Skinner. Thus, while Sabra's tendency to 'modernize' Ibn al-Haytham serves to highlight the purported uniqueness and significance (as well as rightness) of his contribution, it also serves to wrench him slightly out of proper historical focus". The British Journal for the History of Science, 25, 3, 358-9.
- ↑ Columbia Encyclopedia (2007). Retrieved 2008-01-23.
Columbia Encyclopedia (2006)Columbia University Press. Retrieved 2008-01-23. - ↑ Alhazen, Ibn al-Haytham (c. 965-1038). Retrieved 2008-01-23.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Corbin, Henry. History of Islamic philosophy, transl. Liadain & Philip Sherrard (1993)Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 0-7103-0416-1. OCLC 22109949.
- ↑ Sabra, A.I.. Harvard Magazine (October–December 2003). Retrieved 2008-01-23.
- ↑ Grant, Edward. Encarta Online Encyclopedia (2008)Microsoft. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
Other websites
- O'Connor, John J. Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham.
- Eric W. Weisstein, Alhazen (ca. 965–1039) at ScienceWorld.
- Ibn al-Haitham on two Iraqi banknotes Archived 2018-08-03 at the Wayback Machine
- The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn Haitham
- Roshdi Rashed, A Polymath in the 10th century, Science 297 (2002): 773
- A.I. Sabra, "Ibn al-Haytham: brief life of an Arab mathematician" Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine