Edmontosaurus
Edmontosaurus is a basal duck-billed dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous stage. It had short arms, a long, pointed tail, three-toed, hoofed feet, and mitten-like hands. Its head was flat and sloping with a wide, toothless beak, cheek pouches, and hundreds of closely-packed cheek teeth that ground up its food. It is the same animal as Anatotitan. There are two species, and the animal has been called by several other names in the past.
| Edmontosaurus Temporal range: Upper Cretaceous 73–65.5 mya
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| Mounted skeleton of E. regalis | |
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| Genus: | Edmontosaurus
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| Species: | E. regalis
T. regalis |
Edmontosaurus was named from a fossil found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation,[1] in Alberta, Canada. Many Edmontosaurus fossils have been found, in Alberta, and Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and New Jersey in the USA. Two mummified Edmontosaurus fossils were found in Wyoming.
The distribution of its fossils suggests that it preferred coasts and coastal plains. It could move on two legs and on four. Because it is known from several bone beds, Edmontosaurus is thought to have lived in groups. It may have been migratory.
Skeleton
Most of the back and tail was lined by bony tendons arranged in a lattice along the neural spines of the vertebrae.[2] This made the back and part of the tail "ramrod" straight.[3][4] The ossified tendons strengthened the vertebral column against gravitational stress. It was a large animal with a horizontal vertebral column otherwise supported mostly by the hind legs and hips.[3]
Feeding
As a hadrosaurid, Edmontosaurus was a large terrestrial herbivore. Its teeth were continually replaced and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time.[5] It used its broad beak to cut loose food, perhaps by cropping,[5] or by closing the jaws in a clamshell-like manner over twigs and branches and then stripping off the more nutritious leaves and shoots.[3] Edmontosaurus and most other ornithischians probably had cheek-like structures, muscular or non-muscular. The function of the cheeks was to keep food in the mouth.[6][7] The animal's feeding range would have been from ground level to about 4 metres (13 ft) above.[5]
Edmontosaurus Media
Skeletal restoration of the E. annectens (then Claosaurus) holotype, by Othniel Charles Marsh
AMNH 5060: an E. annectens with skin impressions
Specimen CMNFV 8399, holotype of E. edmontoni, now thought to be a young E. regalis.
Outdated E. annectens skeleton mounts, formerly referred to Anatosaurus
Skin impression of the specimen nicknamed "Dakota", which was found in 1999
Reconstruction of Edmontosaurus (skin pattern based on NDGS 2000)
Scale diagram comparing large adult specimens of E. regalis (gray) and E. annectens (green) to a human
Multiview skeletal restoration of E. annectens.
References
- ↑ Formerly called the lower Edmonton Formation.
- ↑ Neural spine = bit that sticks up
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Ostrom, John H. (1964). "A reconsideration of the paleoecology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs". American Journal of Science. 262 (8): 975–997. doi:10.2475/ajs.262.8.975.
- ↑ Galton, Peter M. (1970). "The posture of hadrosaurian dinosaurs". Journal of Paleontology. 44 (3): 464–473.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Horner, John R; Weishampel, David B. & Forster, Catherine A 2004. Hadrosauridae. In Weishampel, David B; Dodson, Peter and Osmólska, Halszka (eds) The Dinosauria. 2nd ed, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 438–463. ISBN 0-520-24209-2
- ↑ Galton, Peter M. (1973). "The cheeks of ornithischian dinosaurs". Lethaia. 6: 67–89. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1973.tb00873.x.
- ↑ Fastovsky, D.E., and Smith, J.B. (2004). "Dinosaur paleoecology." The Dinosauria. pp. 614–626.