Pronghorn
The pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is an even-toed ungulate mammal, the only living member of the family Antilocapridae.
| Pronghorn | |
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| A pronghorn near Fort Rock, Oregon | |
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| Family: | Antilocapridae Gray, 1866
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| Genus: | Antilocapra
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| Antilocapra americana | |
It is a smallish ruminant mammal which looks like an antelope. It is 1.3–1.5 m (4 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) long from nose to tail, and stands 81–104 cm (2 ft 8 in – 3 ft 5 in) high at the shoulder
The pronghorn lives in North America. It lives in the prairies, but sometimes also in the desert and the Rocky Mountains.
The antilocaprids evolved in North America, where they filled a niche similar to that of the bovids that evolved in the Old World. During the Miocene and Pliocene, they were a diverse and successful group, with many different species. Some had horns with bizarre shapes, or had four, or even six, horns.
In Africa, the bovids evolved many ruminants which look like deer (convergent evolution). True deer are a different mammal, and do not live in the southern continents. For example, in Africa they are replaced south of the Atlas Mountains by bovids.
The pronghorn is the fastest land mammal in the Western Hemisphere, with running speeds of up to 89 km/h (55 mph).[1] It is often called the second-fastest land animal, second only to the African cheetah, and it can keep up high speeds longer than cheetahs.[2]
Appearance
The pronghorn has a yellowish-brown to reddish-brown colored fur with a white underside, and white stripes on the neck and around the mouth. Male pronghorns also have black markings on the neck and face. The males have horns that are up to 25 cm long. Females usually have no horns; if they have horns they are very short.
Life
Pronghorns can be active at any time during day or night, but they are mostly active during twilight. Pronghorns eat grass, but also leaves and herbs. Pronghorns have the ability to digest some poisonous plants. Their large liver helps in the filtering the toxins.[3]
In summer, adult males either defend a fixed territory that females may enter, or defend a harem of females. In this territory the male keeps a group of females which he mates in September.
Where rainfall is high, and the grass is green, adult males tend to be territorial. They mark their territories with scent, by vocalizing, and challenging intruders.[4]
Adult males fight each other to win over the female by injuring the other pronghorn and determining which male is stronger.[5] Young males that do not yet fight for a territory form small groups, and old weak males live alone. Females live in groups of about 20 animals. When the female is close to giving birth, it leaves the group for a time to give birth to its offspring.
After a pregnancy of 7 to 8 months the female gives birth to 1-2 young, seldom three. The new-borns hide for three days, and after a week they can run with their mother. A pronghorn baby has grey fur, and after three months it has the adult coloring. They drink milk for 5–6 months, and start to eat grass after three weeks. Females become mature when they are 15–16 months old, and males become mature when they are 24 months old.
Similarities
The pronghorn's similarity to deer is an example of convergent evolution, and it is like the parallel between deer and some African bovines.
Saved
Pronghorns were hunted almost to extinction by hunters. They were saved by interested people. On January 26, 1931, President Herbert Hoover signed the executive order for the refuge. On December 31, 1936, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order creating a 222,000-hectare (549,000-acre) tract; this was the true beginning for pronghorn recovery in North America.[6]
Images
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Wikispecies has information on: Antilocapridae. |
Two female pronghorns
A male pronghorn
A proghorn herd
Pronghorn Media
Male Pronghorn
Pronghorn male in Wyoming
Pronghorns in Fort Rock, Oregon
Male adult pronghorn in Yellowstone National Park
Pronghorn herd, Yellowstone National Park
Doe with fawns about an hour old, near Fort Davis, Texas, 1947. Photo by Smithsonian zoologist Helmut Buechner
Juvenile fawn in New Mexico
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References
- ↑ "About ASM | American Society of Mammalogists". www.mammalsociety.org. 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
- ↑ Hawes, Alex 2001. "Pronghorns - Survivors of the American Savanna". Zoogoer. Smithsonian. [1]
- ↑ PÉREZ-CRESPO, VÍCTOR ADRIÁN; ARROYO-CABRALES, JOAQUÍN; MORALES-PUENTE, PEDRO; CIENFUEGOS-ALVARADO, EDITH; OTERO, FRANCISCO J. (2016-11-10). "Diet and habitat of mesomammals and megamammals from Cedral, San Luis Potosí, México". Geological Magazine. 155 (3): 674–684. doi:10.1017/S0016756816000935. ISSN 0016-7568. S2CID 132502543.
- ↑ "Pronghorn" in The Encyclopedia of Mammals David MacDonald (ed.) Oxford University Press pp. 528-529 ISBN 0816064946.
- ↑ Byers, John A.; Wiseman, Patryce A.; Jones, Lee; Roffe, Thomas J. (December 2005). "A large cost of female mate sampling in pronghorn". The American Naturalist. 166 (6): 661–668. doi:10.1086/497401. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 16475083. S2CID 20072115.
- ↑ Sheldon, Charles (1955). A History of the Boone and Crockett Club. Boone and Crockett Club.