Axis of Resistance

Axis of Resistance
Axis of Resistance
Participant in Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Syrian Civil War, Israel–Hamas war, 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
Ideology	Revolutionary Shia Islamism; Anti-Zionism; Anti-Westernism; Opposition to American, Israeli and Gulf states' interests in the Middle East; Opposition to the MEK
Group(s)	Primary List
Leaders	Mojtaba Khamenei (Supreme Leader of Iran); Naim Qassem (Secretary-General of Hezbollah); Falih Al-Fayyadh (Chairman of Popular Mobilization Committee); Abdul-Malik al-Houthi (Leader of Ansar Allah);
Headquarters	Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and North-Western Yemen
Allies
Allies
	North Korea; File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela; Non-state allies Amal Movement; ALBA;
Opponent(s)
Opponents
	Bahrain; Israel; United States; European Union; NATO; Non-state opponents Al-Qaeda; Al-Nusra Front; Hurras al-Din; Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria; Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant; People's Mujahedin of Iran; Syrian National Army; Revolutionary Commando Army; Tahrir al-Sham;

The Axis of Resistance is a political term referring to an unofficial military alliance between Iran, Syria, and other groups.^[28] Hezbollah is also often considered a member of the Axis of Resistance.^[29] The Houthi movement and the Popular Mobilization Forces have also been sometimes considered members of the Axis of Resistance. It has been involved in the War on Terrorism and related conflicts. The Axis of Resistance is commonly defined by anti-NATO, anti-Israeli, and anti-Saudi Arabian sentiments.^[30] Some non-Shia groups such as Hamas and the Taliban are sometimes considered members of the Axis of Resistance.

Axis Of Resistance Media

Forum for Resistance meeting in Lebanon, 2009
Supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei in a meeting with Syrian Islamic scholars, six years before the fall of the Assad regime and eight years before his assassination (3 March 2018)
Bashar al-Assad, former Syrian autocrat of the Ba'ath Party
Hezbollah soldiers in a drill

Notes

↑ Hurras al-Din (HaD) is the successor organization of Al-Nusra Front and the current branch of Al-Qaeda in Syria.

References

↑ Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK). Retrieved 2020-01-16.
↑ The Huseynyun: Iran's new IRGC-backed movement in Azerbaijan (October 9, 2021)Middle East Monitor. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 Iran Update, October 18, 2023. Institute for the Study of War (2023-10-18). Retrieved 2023-11-12.
↑ The Nujaba Movement – the Movement of the Noble Ones: One of the dominant pro-Iranian militias in Iraq (May 14, 2023)The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center.
↑ Dana Taib Menmy. Who is the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, the mysterious group attacking US and Israeli targets over Gaza?. The New Arab (8 November 2023).
↑ سياسة - همام حمودي لوكالة ايرانية: المجلس الأعلى عاد إلى الإمام الخميني - سومر نيوز. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
↑ ظهرت الاحجام السياسية. الان بدأت معركة الأغلبية المطلقة. تشكيل الحكومة أم المعارك || قاسم متيرك. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
↑ Hussein Abou Saleh. Iran's 'axis of resistance': how Hamas and Tehran are attempting to galvanise their allies against Israel (2 November 2023)The Conversation. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
↑ Fabian, Emanuel. IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees. The Times of Israel (19 October 2023). Retrieved 19 October 2023.
↑ Hamas quashes armed Shiite movement Sabireen in Gaza. Al-Monitor (21 March 2019).
↑ Jay Solomon. High-Level Contacts Between North Korea and Iran Hint at Deeper Military Cooperation (in en). Washington Institute for Near East Policy (2017-11-27). Retrieved 2023-10-24.
↑ Iranian press review: Venezuela part of 'Axis of Resistance', says Maduro (in en). Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
↑ Defending Latin America's Resistance Axis | Un enfoque diferente - Nicaragua - a different focus.^{[dead link]}
↑ Vivian Nereim (13 September 2023). "U.S. Deepens Security Pledge to Bahrain, an Adversary of Iran". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/13/world/middleeast/us-bahrain-security-pact.html. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
↑ Michael Scollon. Iran's 'Axis Of Resistance': A Network Designed To Create Chaos, Fight Tehran's Enemies (19 October 2023)Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
↑ Fatima Al-Kassab. What is the 'axis of resistance' of Iran-backed groups in the Middle East? (26 October 2023)NPR. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
↑ Steinberg, Guido. The "Axis of Resistance" Iran's Expansion in the Middle East Is Hitting a Wall. SWP Research Paper (2021). doi:10.18449/2021RP06.
↑ Cafarella, Jennifer. Jabhat al-Nusra in Syria: An Islamic Emirate for Al-Qaeda. Middle East Security Report 25 (2014). Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War. p. 8–46.
↑ Alkhshali, Hamdi; Starr, Barbara (28 February 2017). Deputy al Qaeda leader killed In Syria. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/27/middleeast/deputy-al-qaeda-leader-killed/index.html.
↑ IRAN'S SHADOW WAR ON ISIS (18 November 2019).
↑ Nadimi, Farzim. Iran Is Expanding Its Military Role in Iraq in a Bunch of Ways. Business Insider (10 September 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2014.
↑ Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK). Retrieved 2020-01-16.
↑ Egypt sends Assad secret arms aid, including missiles, with Russian funding. debka.com. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
↑ Egypt voices support for Russia's moves in Syria. 2015-10-04. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/10/04/Egypt-voices-support-for-Russia-s-moves-in-Syria.html. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
↑ "Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria". The Guardian. 31 August 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/31/victory-for-assad-looks-increasingly-likely-as-world-loses-interest-in-syria. "Returning from a summit in the Saudi capital last week, opposition leaders say they were told directly by the foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, that Riyadh was disengaging.".
↑ Samia Nakhoul, Aziz El Yaakoubi (24 May 2023). Saudi embrace of Assad sends strong signal to US. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-embrace-assad-sends-strong-signal-us-2023-05-24/. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
↑ "UAE reopens Syria embassy in boost for Assad". Reuters. 27 December 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-emirates-idUSKCN1OQ0QV. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
↑ Iran: Syria part of 'axis of resistance' (in en). CNN (2012-08-07). Retrieved 2022-04-02.
↑ No Title. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
↑ Sullivan, Marisa. Hezbollah in Syria (April 2014)Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2022-04-02.

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[20] Hurras al-Din (HaD) is the successor organization of Al-Nusra Front and the current branch of Al-Qaeda in Syria.

[MEK-1] Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK). Retrieved 2020-01-16.

[2] The Huseynyun: Iran's new IRGC-backed movement in Azerbaijan (October 9, 2021)Middle East Monitor. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

[isw1018-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 Iran Update, October 18, 2023. Institute for the Study of War (2023-10-18). Retrieved 2023-11-12.

[4] The Nujaba Movement – the Movement of the Noble Ones: One of the dominant pro-Iranian militias in Iraq (May 14, 2023)The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center.

[who-5] Dana Taib Menmy. Who is the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, the mysterious group attacking US and Israeli targets over Gaza?. The New Arab (8 November 2023).

[6] سياسة - همام حمودي لوكالة ايرانية: المجلس الأعلى عاد إلى الإمام الخميني - سومر نيوز. Retrieved 2022-01-02.

[7] ظهرت الاحجام السياسية. الان بدأت معركة الأغلبية المطلقة. تشكيل الحكومة أم المعارك || قاسم متيرك. Retrieved 15 November 2018.

[8] Hussein Abou Saleh. Iran's 'axis of resistance': how Hamas and Tehran are attempting to galvanise their allies against Israel (2 November 2023)The Conversation. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[9] Fabian, Emanuel. IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees. The Times of Israel (19 October 2023). Retrieved 19 October 2023.

[10] Hamas quashes armed Shiite movement Sabireen in Gaza. Al-Monitor (21 March 2019).

[11] Jay Solomon. High-Level Contacts Between North Korea and Iran Hint at Deeper Military Cooperation (in en). Washington Institute for Near East Policy (2017-11-27). Retrieved 2023-10-24.

[12] Iranian press review: Venezuela part of 'Axis of Resistance', says Maduro (in en). Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2023-10-12.

[13] Defending Latin America's Resistance Axis | Un enfoque diferente - Nicaragua - a different focus.^{[dead link]}

[14] Vivian Nereim (13 September 2023). "U.S. Deepens Security Pledge to Bahrain, an Adversary of Iran". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/13/world/middleeast/us-bahrain-security-pact.html. Retrieved 13 November 2023.

[15] Michael Scollon. Iran's 'Axis Of Resistance': A Network Designed To Create Chaos, Fight Tehran's Enemies (19 October 2023)Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

[16] Fatima Al-Kassab. What is the 'axis of resistance' of Iran-backed groups in the Middle East? (26 October 2023)NPR. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

[17] Steinberg, Guido. The "Axis of Resistance" Iran's Expansion in the Middle East Is Hitting a Wall. SWP Research Paper (2021). doi:10.18449/2021RP06.

[18] Cafarella, Jennifer. Jabhat al-Nusra in Syria: An Islamic Emirate for Al-Qaeda. Middle East Security Report 25 (2014). Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War. p. 8–46.

[19] Alkhshali, Hamdi; Starr, Barbara (28 February 2017). Deputy al Qaeda leader killed In Syria. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/27/middleeast/deputy-al-qaeda-leader-killed/index.html.

[21] IRAN'S SHADOW WAR ON ISIS (18 November 2019).

[bi1-22] Nadimi, Farzim. Iran Is Expanding Its Military Role in Iraq in a Bunch of Ways. Business Insider (10 September 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2014.

[23] Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK). Retrieved 2020-01-16.

[24] Egypt sends Assad secret arms aid, including missiles, with Russian funding. debka.com. Retrieved 2024-04-26.

[25] Egypt voices support for Russia's moves in Syria. 2015-10-04. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/10/04/Egypt-voices-support-for-Russia-s-moves-in-Syria.html. Retrieved 2015-12-15.

[Saudi-26] "Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria". The Guardian. 31 August 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/31/victory-for-assad-looks-increasingly-likely-as-world-loses-interest-in-syria. "Returning from a summit in the Saudi capital last week, opposition leaders say they were told directly by the foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, that Riyadh was disengaging.".

[27] Samia Nakhoul, Aziz El Yaakoubi (24 May 2023). Saudi embrace of Assad sends strong signal to US. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-embrace-assad-sends-strong-signal-us-2023-05-24/. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

[28] "UAE reopens Syria embassy in boost for Assad". Reuters. 27 December 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-emirates-idUSKCN1OQ0QV. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

[29] Iran: Syria part of 'axis of resistance' (in en). CNN (2012-08-07). Retrieved 2022-04-02.

[30] No Title. Retrieved 2022-04-02.

[marisa-31] Sullivan, Marisa. Hezbollah in Syria (April 2014)Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2022-04-02.

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