Chinese folk religion
Chinese folk religion (Chinese: 中国 民间 信仰 (simplified spelling) or 中國 民間 信仰 (traditional spelling), zhōng-guó mín-jiān xìn-yǎng) is a religion that has been practiced in China, and in areas inhabited by Chinese people. It is difficult to make a clear distinction between Chinese folk religion and other beliefs, because Chinese folk religion has elements of veneration of the dead, local spirits, clan spirits and traditional Eastern religions, such as Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, but also superstition, geomancy and Feng shui. There is no standardized mythology or clergy: rites are often performed by the father of a family. Since the 1950s, Chinese folk-religion is also sometimes referred to as Shenism or Shénism (Chinese: Shén-jiào, 神教).[1][2][3] In this context, shen refers to a spirit or a deity. The term Shenism was first used by A. J. A Elliot in 1955.[4] The term Chinese folk religion is not used inside China.
Sometimes, it is classified with Taoism: Over the centuries, Taoism became institutionalised. During that time, it tried to use local customs, and to become similar to local religions and beliefs. It would however be more accurate to say that Taoism developed from Shenism, since Shenism was there before. Taoism also developed from Chinese philosophy. With around 454 million adherents, or about 6.6% of the world population,[5] Chinese folk religion is one of the major religious traditions in the world. In China more than 30% of the population adheres to Shenism or Taoism.[6]
During the last 200 years, religion has been heavily suppressed in China, with rebellions such as the Taiping Movement or Cultural Revolution. Today, Chinese folk religion is experiencing a major revival in both Mainland China and Taiwan.[7][8]
The government of Mainland China has officially supported different forms of Shenism, such as Mazuism in Southern China (officially about 160 million Chinese are Mazuists),[9] Huangdi worship,[10][11] Black Dragon worship in Shaanxi,[12][13][14] and Caishen worship.[15]
Chinese Folk Religion Media
Xuanyuan Temple in Huangling, Shaanxi, dedicated to the worship of the Yellow Emperor.
Temple of Hebo ("River Lord"), the god (Heshen, "River god") of the sacred Yellow River, in Hequ, Xinzhou, Shanxi.
Eastern Han (25–220 AD) Chinese stone-carved que pillar gates of Dingfang, Zhong County, Chongqing that once belonged to a temple dedicated to the Warring States era general Ba Manzi
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References
- ↑ Kuah-Pearce, Khun Eng (2009). State, Society, and Religious Engineering: Towards a Reformist Buddhism in Singapore. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 21. ISBN 978-981-230-865-8.
- ↑ "How we came to 'pai shen'". Blogs.straitstimes.com. 2009-09-07. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- ↑ Eng, Lai Ah (2008). Religious Diversity in Singapore. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 198. ISBN 978-981-230-754-5.
- ↑ "About Questia - Questia, Your Online Research Library". www.questia.com. Archived from the original on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
- ↑ Religion. (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ↑ ChartsBin (2009-09-16). "Chinese Folk Religion Adherents by Country". Chartsbin.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- ↑ "Roundtable before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- ↑ "The Upsurge of Religion in China" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- ↑ "China's Leaders Harness Folk Religion For Their Aims". Npr.org. 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- ↑ "Over 10,000 Chinese Worship Huangdi in Henan". China.org.cn. 2006-04-01. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- ↑ "Compatriots across the strait honor their ancestry". Archived from the original on 2010-07-20. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
- ↑ "Return to folk religions brings about renewal in rural China". Wwrn.org. 2001-09-14. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- ↑ Chau, Adam Yuet (2005). "The Policy of Legitimation and the Revival of Popular Religion in Shaanbei, North-Central China". Modern China. 31 (2): 236–278. JSTOR 20062608.
- ↑ Chau, Adam Yuet (2008). Miraculous Response: Doing Popular Religion in Contemporary China. Stanford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8047-6765-1.
- ↑ "苍南金乡玄坛庙成华夏第八财神庙". Blog.voc.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
