Crater Lake
Crater Lake is a caldera lake in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is the main attraction of Crater Lake National Park. It is famous for its blue color and clear water. The lake partly fills a nearly 2,148-foot (655-meter) deep caldera.[1] The volcanic crater was formed by the collapse of the volcano, Mount Mazama, about 7,500 years ago.[2] There are no rivers flowing into or out of the lake.[1] The evaporation is compensated for by rain and snowfall at a rate such that the total amount of water is replaced every 150 years.[3]
| Crater Lake | |
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| Location | Klamath County, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 42°56′37″N 122°06′24″W / 42.94361°N 122.10667°WCoordinates: 42°56′37″N 122°06′24″W / 42.94361°N 122.10667°W |
| Lake type | crater lake |
| Primary inflows | precipitation and melted snow only |
| Primary outflows | evaporation and subsurface seepage only |
| Catchment area | 23.3 sq mi (60 km2) |
| Basin countries | United States |
| Max. length | 6 mi (9.7 km) |
| Max. width | 5 mi (8.0 km) |
| Surface area | 20.6 sq mi (53 km2) |
| Average depth | 1,148 ft (350 m) |
| Max. depth | 1,949 ft (594 m) |
| Water volume | 4.49 cu mi (18.7 km3) |
| Residence time | 157 years |
| Shore length1 | 21.8 mi (35.1 km) |
| Surface elevation | 6,178 ft (1,883 m) |
| Islands | Wizard Island Phantom Ship |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
In 1853, miner John Wesley Hillman made the first recorded visit to the lake.[4][5] He named the lake "Deep Blue Lake". The lake was renamed at least three times, as Blue Lake, Lake Majesty, and finally Crater Lake.
Crater Lake is known for its famous piece of driftwood, named the Old Man of the Lake. It is a tree that has been moving up and down in the water for more than 100 years. The lake water is cold, so the tree is well preserved. Originally, fish did not live in the lake. However, people stocked the lake with different kinds of fish between 1888 and 1941.[6] Several species of fish still live in the lake.
Dimensions and depth
Crater Lake is in Klamath County. The lake is about 60 miles (97 km) northwest of the county seat of Klamath Falls, and about 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Medford.[7] The lake has an average depth of 1,148 feet (350 m). Its maximum depth is 1,949 feet (594 m).[1][8][9] The depth changes slightly as the weather changes.[1] On the basis of maximum depth, Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States.[10][11] It is the second deepest in North America, after Great Slave Lake in Canada. Crater Lake is also the ninth deepest lake in the world.[10]
However, on the basis of comparing average depths among the world's deepest lakes, Crater Lake is the third deepest in the world.[12] The caldera rim of Crater Lake ranges in elevation from 7,000 to 8,000 feet (2,100 to 2,400 m).
Geology
Mount Mazama is part of the Cascade Range island arc. It was built up over a period of at least 400,000 years. The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption. That led to the lowering of Mount Mazama around 5700 BC. Since that time, all eruptions on Mazama are limited to the caldera. Lava eruptions later created a central platform, called Wizard Island. Sediments and material from landslides also covered the caldera floor.[13]
Eventually, the caldera cooled. That allowed rain and snow to form a lake. Fumaroles and hot springs remained common and active during this period. Also after some time, the slopes of the lake's caldera rim more or less stabilized. Streams restored a radial drainage pattern on the mountain, and forests began to cover the landscape. It is estimated that it took about 720 years to fill the lake to its present depth of 594 m. Much of this happened during a period when the climate was drier than it is now.[14] Some hydrothermal activity remains along the lake floor. That means that at some time in the future Mazama may erupt once again.[15]
Water quality
The waters of Crater Lake are some of the purest in North America. The water shows almost no pollution. There are several reasons, but the most significant is that the lake has no rivers or tributaries coming into it.[16][17]
Clarity readings have always been in the high-20 meter to mid-30 meter (80–115 ft) range. That is very clear for any natural body of water. In 1997, scientists recorded a record clarity of 43.3 meters (142 ft).
The lake has relatively high levels of dissolved salts. The average pH has generally ranged between 7 and 8.[18]
Sacred significance
The Klamath tribe of Native Americans have long thought of the lake as a sacred site. Their legends tell of a battle between the sky god Skell and Llao, the god of the underworld. Mount Mazama was destroyed in the battle. That resulted in the creation of Crater Lake. The Klamath people used Crater Lake in vision quests. The Klamath believed those who were successful in such quests had more spiritual powers. The tribe still holds Crater Lake in high regard as a spiritual site.[19][20]
Crater Lake Media
Panoramic view of Crater Lake – spring 2016
Crater Lake, Oregon, USA July 28, 2016* * Around 7,700 years ago, Mount Mazama erupted in Oregon, disgorging 15 cubic miles of magma over the western United States. It took a quarter of a millennium of snow and rain to fill the caldera with the serene waters wanderlust hikers now know as Crater Lake. Image from a RapidEye satellite.
Panorama of Crater Lake and Wizard Island
Related pages
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Facts about Crater Lake". Oregon Explorer. Oregon State University. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ↑ "Global Volcanism Program | Crater Lake | Summary". volcano.si.edu. 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ↑ Cranson, K. R. (2005). Crater Lake, gem of the Cascades: the geological story of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon (3rd ed.). Lansing, Mich: KRC Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-9770880-0-3.
A drop of water entering Crater Lake will remain there for about 150 years, its so-called residence time. Another way to think about residence time is the average amount of time required to refill a basin with new water if it were to be empted.
- ↑ "John Wesley Hillman – Discovery of Crater Lake". craterlakeinstitute.com. 2008. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ↑ "John Wesley Hillman's dictated autobiographical memoir". hillmanc.fsnet.co.uk. 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2012.[dead link]
- ↑ "Crater Lake National Park – Frequently Asked Questions (U.S. National Park Service)". nps.gov. 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- ↑ U.S. National Park Service. "Crater Lake National Park – Directions". Retrieved March 10, 2012.
- ↑ "Search Results – Lakelubbers". lakelubbers.com. 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ↑ Gibbons, Helen (September 2000). "CMG Maps Bottom of Crater Lake, Oregon". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Deepest Lake in the World - Deepest in the United States - GEOLOGY.COM". geology.com. 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ↑ "Crater Lake National Park Air Quality Information Overview". craterlakeinstitute.com. 2008. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ↑ Juillerat, Lee (November 29, 2007). Into the Deep: Crater Lake's ranking as one of the world's deepest lakes varies by how list is determined. http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/crater-lake-news/owen-crater-lake-depth.htm. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
- ↑ Bacon, Charles R.; Gardner, James V.; Mayer, Larry A.; Buktenica, Mark W.; Dartnell, Peter; Ramsey, David W.; Robinson, Joel E. (2002). "Morphology, volcanism, and mass wasting in Crater Lake, Oregon". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 114 (6): 675–692. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0675:MVAMWI>2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Nathenson, Manuel; Bacon, Charles R.; Ramsey, David W. (2007). "Subaqueous geology and a filling model for Crater Lake, Oregon". Hydrobiologia. 574: 13–27. doi:10.1007/s10750-006-0343-5. S2CID 39578681.
- ↑ "Geologic History of Crater Lake". Oregon Explorer. Oregon State University. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
- ↑ "Extreme Lakes | Lake Scientist". lakescientist.com. 2012. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- ↑ "Scientists say Crater Lake is clearer than ever – Jun 27, 1997". craterlakeinstitute.com. 2009. Archived from the original on December 12, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ↑ "Facts and Figures about Crater Lake" (PDF). U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
- ↑ "Park History" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
- ↑ "Crater Lake as Sacred Site". Sacred Destinations. Archived from the original on June 2, 2009.
More reading
- Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes, Stephen L. Harris, (Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula; 1988) ISBN 0-87842-220-X
- Geology of National Parks: Fifth Edition, Ann G. Harris, Esther Tuttle, Sherwood D., Tuttle (Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Publishing; 1997) ISBN 0-7872-5353-7
- 'Bacon, C. R.; Lanphere, M. A. (2006). "Eruptive history and geochronology of Mount Mazama and the Crater Lake region, Oregon". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 118 (11–12): 1331–1359. doi:10.1130/B25906.1.
Other websites
- National Park Service: Crater Lake
- Crater Lake Data Clearinghouse Archived 2000-12-04 at the Wayback Machine of the United States Geological Survey