Ebola virus
Ebola virus or Ebola virus disease (EVD), often shortened to Ebola, is a very dangerous virus. It belongs to the family Filoviridae. Four different types of Ebola virus can cause a severe disease which is often fatal. Ebola infection causes hemorrhagic fever which starts suddenly. "Hemorrhagic" means that the victim will bleed a lot, inside and outside of their body. The virus attacks almost every organ and tissue of the human body, causing multiple organs to fail at once. Out of every 100 people who get Ebola, on average 25 to 90 die.
| Ebola virus disease | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
 Electron microscope picture of the Ebola virus | |
| ICD-10 | A98.4 |
| ICD-9 | 065.8 |
| DiseasesDB | 18043 |
| MedlinePlus | 001339 |
| eMedicine | med/626 |
| MeSH | D019142 |
The virus was first found in Sudan. It is mostly found in Africa, with very few cases in Europe and the United States.[1]
Transmission
The Ebola virus that makes people sick lives in the blood and other liquids and organs in some kinds of non-human animals without killing them. Scientists think the animals it lives in are mainly some kinds of monkeys or fruit bats. When people touch animals that have the virus, or secretions that came out of those animals, they can get sick.[2]
Ebola cannot be caught through the air, or by being near sick people.[3] The virus can only go from liquids into people's bodies. This means Ebola can be caught by touching a sick person's blood, saliva, mucus, semen, diarrhea, vomit, or other fluids that come out of a sick person's body.
If a person does not die from the disease, he can still give other people the infection by having sex for nearly another two months after they stop being sick. This is because the virus can still be in the man's semen after a long time.
1. Once the virus enters the human body via mucosal surfaces, abrasions or injuries in the skin or by direct parental transmission, it fuses with the cells lining the respiratory tract, eyes, or body cavities.
2. It invades the macrophages and dendritic immune cells and releases its genetic content. The cell explosion triggers the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines initiating a ‘cytokine storm’. The genetic material takes over the cell machinery to replicate itself; new copies of the virus are formed and released into the system.
3. The virus then, goes on to attack spleen, kidneys and even the brain. The blood vessels leak blood and fluid into the surrounding tissues. This atypical clotting and bleeding at the same time manifests externally in the form of rashes.
4. The virus causes the shutdown of other vital organs such as liver and lungs too. In fact, it is able to invade almost all human cells through different attachment mechanisms for each cell type (except for lymphocytes). The very cells that are meant to fight infection are used as carriers to spread infection to other body parts
5. It has been found that the ebola-infected cells do not undergo normal apoptosis, but exhibit vacuolization and signs of necrosis.
Symptoms
When people get Ebola the first symptoms look like some other diseases. People get a fever and feel very tired. Their head, stomach, joints, and throat might hurt. Sometimes, people think they have other diseases like malaria or typhoid fever.
Later, people get much sicker. They bleed both inside and outside their bodies. They have blood in their diarrhea and vomit. They bleed from their noses, mouths, and genitals/sex organs. They get shock: low blood pressure, fast pulse (heart rate), and low blood circulation to the body. Their organs might stop working. Ebola also causes stiffness throughout the body which makes it hard for sick people to move.
Five to nine out of every ten people who get sick with Ebola die.
Treatment
There is no cure for Ebola, but if people get care quickly from doctors and nurses at a hospital, more of them live. People with Ebola need a lot of fluids to replace fluids lost from diarrhea, vomiting, and bleeding. The most important care is giving them water with a very small amount of salt and sugar in it. This is called oral rehydration. It helps to replace their fluids and blood. It is also important to give medicines in case they get bad blood pressure and blood circulation.
Prevention
In December 2016, a study found the VSV-EBOV vaccine to be very effective (in the neighborhood of 70–100%) against the Ebola virus, making it the first vaccine against the disease.
Many Ebola vaccine candidates had been developed in the decade prior to 2014, but as of October 2014, none had yet been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans.
Research
World Community Grid is a computing project that is seeking possible drug treatments. People donate the spare time on their computers to the project.
Ebola Virus Media
Phylogenetic tree comparing ebolaviruses and marburgviruses. Numbers indicate percent confidence of branches.
A colorized scanning electron micrograph of the virus
Genomic structure of Ebola virus, mostly after GenBank KJ660346.2
Structure of protein NPC1.Based on PyMOL rendering of PDB 3GKH.
Cross-sectional drawing of the Ebola virus particle, with structures of the major proteins shown and labeled at the side. Pale circles represent domains too flexible to be observed in the experimental structure. Drawn by David Goodsell from PDB files 3csy, 4ldd, 4qb0, 3vne, 3fke, and 2i8b.
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Reference
- ↑ Kevin J. Olival et al. (2013). "Ebola virus antibodies in fruit bats, Bangladesh". Emerging Infectious Disease. CDC. 19 (2): 270–273. doi:10.3201/eid1902.120524. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3559038. PMID 23343532. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ↑ "Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103". World Health Organization. March 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
- ↑ "2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa". WHO. April 21, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.