Hawaiian Kingdom

The Hawaiian Kingdom, or Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, was a sovereign state located in the Hawaiian Islands.

Kingdom of Hawaiʻi Aupuni Mōʻī o Hawaiʻicode: haw is deprecated
1795–1893
Flag of Hawaii
Motto:
Anthem:
File:Hawaii on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg
Capital	Waikīkī (1795–1796) Hilo (1796–1802) Lāhainā (1802–1812 and 1820–1845) Kailua-Kona (1812–1820) Honolulu (1845–1893)
Common languages	Hawaiian, English
Religion	Church of Hawaii
Demonym(s)	Hawaiian
Government	Absolute monarchy (until 1840) Constitutional monarchy (from 1840)
Monarch
• 1795–1819	Kamehameha I
• 1819-1824	Kamehameha II
• 1825-1854	Kamehameha III
• 1855-1863	Kamehameha IV
• 1863-1872	Kamehameha V
• 1873-1874	Lunalilo
• 1874-1891	Kalakaua
• 1891–1893	Liliʻuokalani
Kuhina Nui
• 1819–1832 (first)	Kaʻahumanu
• 1863–1864 (last)	Kekūanāoʻa
Legislature	Legislature
• Upper house	House of Nobles
• Lower house	House of Representatives
History
•	May, 1795
• Unification of Hawaii	March/April 1810
• Constitutional monarchy	October 8, 1840
• Partial Occupation by the United Kingdom	February 25 – July 31, 1843
• Anglo-Franco Proclamation	November 28, 1843
• Partial Occupation by France	August 22, 1849 - September 5, 1849
•	January 17, 1893
• Forced abdication of Queen Liliʻuokalani	January 24, 1895
Population
• 1780	400,000–800,000
• 1800	250,000
• 1832	130,313
• 1890	89,990
Currency	Hawaiian dollar
Preceded by Succeeded by 22px Ancient Hawaii Paulet affair File:Flag of France.svg French invasion of Honolulu Paulet affair Provisional Government of Hawaii 20px French invasion of Honolulu File:Flag of France.svg
Today part of	United States ∟Hawaii

Establishment

The country was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief Kamehameha the Great, of the independent island of Hawaiʻi, conquered the independent islands of Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi and Lānaʻi and unified them under one government. In 1810, the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined the Hawaiian Kingdom voluntarily. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua.

Recognition

Major European powers recognised the country. The United States became its chief trading partner and watched over it to prevent some other power (such as Britain or Japan) from threatening to seize control. Hawaiʻi was forced to adopt a new constitution in 1887. King Kalākaua signed it, because the Honolulu Rifles, an anti-monarchist militia, thratened him. Queen Liliʻuokalani, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to replace the 1887 constitution with a new one. She was but was overthrown in 1893, largely at the hands of the Committee of Safety, a group of residents consisting of Hawaiian subjects and foreign nationals of American, British and German descent, many of whom had been educated in the US, had lived there for a time. Hawaiʻi was an independent republic until the U.S. annexed it through the Newlands Resolution, on July 4, 1898. This created the Territory of Hawaii. United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993 (informally known as the Apology Resolution), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum."

Hawaiian Kingdom Media

• Hawaiʻi ponoʻī.ogg

  Regional anthem of Hawaii and national anthem of Hawaiian Kingdom.

• "Aniheneho. L'un des Premiers Officiers de Tahmahamah", pen and ink wash over graphite by Jacques Arago, 1819, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg

  Hawaiian military officer, 1819 (by Jacques Arago)

• Kalakaua Grant state visit 1874.jpg

  King Kalākaua meeting U.S. President Grant at the White House, 1874

• Kingdavidkalakaua dust.jpg

  Hawai'i State Archives image of King David Kalakaua.

• Liliuokalani, c. 1891.jpg

  Signed photograph of Liliuokalani, the last sovereign of the Hawaiian kingdom. Gelatin silver print, sepia toned ; sheet 38 x 29 cm. Notation on recto: "To the Hon. Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy, from Liliuokalani, Hawaii, October 1916."

• USS Boston landing force, 1893 (PP-36-3-002).jpg

  USS Boston's landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel, Honolulu, at the time of the overthrow, January 1893

• George Paulet (Royal Navy officer).jpg

  Lord George Paulet (1803–1879), the third son of Charles Paulet, 13th Marquess of Winchester became captain of the Royal Navy 28 December 1841. He put Hawaii under military occupation for six months of 1843. He was promoted to Rear Admiral 21 July 1856, retired in 12 March 1867 and died 22 November 1879.

• La Kuokoa o Hawaii Nei.jpg

  Flier for the 30th anniversary celebration of the 1843 treaty

• Lowering the Hawaiian flag at Annexation ceremony (PPWD-8-3-006).jpg

  On August 12, 1898, the flag of the Hawaiian Kingdom over ʻIolani Palace was lowered to raise the United States flag to signify annexation.

• Kawaiaha'o Church.jpg

  Kawaiahaʻo Church is known as the Westminster Abbey of Hawaiʻi, the site of coronations, royal christenings and funerals.