Hebrew language
The Hebrew language, also referred to as the Hebraic language, is a Northwest Semitic language and is related to Arabic. It is the only dead language that has been revived.[12]
| Hebrew | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| עִבְרִית, Ivrit | ||||
 Portion of the Isaiah Scroll, a second-century BCE manuscript of the Biblical Book of Isaiah and one of the best-preserved of the Dead Sea Scrolls | ||||
| Pronunciation | Modern: [ivˈʁit][note 1] Tiberian: [ʕivˈriθ] Biblical: [ʕibˈrit] | |||
| Native to | Israel Eritrea (Only in israeli Milltary base) | |||
| Region | Southern Levant | |||
| Extinct | Mishnaic Hebrew extinct as a spoken language by the 5th century CE, surviving as a liturgical language along with Biblical Hebrew for Judaism[1][2]e19 | |||
| Language family | ||||
| Early forms: | ||||
| Standard forms | ||||
| Dialects | ||||
| Writing system | Hebrew alphabet Hebrew Braille Paleo-Hebrew alphabet (Archaic Biblical Hebrew) Imperial Aramaic script (Late Biblical Hebrew) Samaritan script (Samaritan Biblical Hebrew) | |||
| Official status | ||||
| Official language in | Israel (as Modern Hebrew)[3] | |||
| Recognised minority language in | ||||
| Regulated by | Academy of the Hebrew Language האקדמיה ללשון העברית (ha-akademyah la-lashon ha-ʿivrit) | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1 | he | |||
| ISO 639-2 | heb | |||
| ISO 639-3 | Variously: heb – Modern Hebrew hbo – Classical Hebrew (liturgical) smp – Samaritan Hebrew (liturgical) obm – Moabite (extinct) xdm – Edomite (extinct) | |||
| Linguasphere | 12-AAB-a | |||
| ||||
Israeli Hebrew and Biblical Hebrew are separate languages with different grammar and different pronunciation,[13] though speakers of Israeli Hebrew can usually read most of the Hebrew Bible.
Israeli Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew was spoken by the Israelites during the time of the composition of the Hebrew Bible but became rare in daily life after the Jews were forced to speak Aramaic.[source?]
In the 20th-century, Eliezer ben Yehuda[page needed] was the leading force behind the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language and the primary inventor of Israeli Hebrew, which became the official language of modern Israel in 1948.
Many words used in Biblical Hebrew to write the Hebrew Bible are given different meanings in Israeli Hebrew.[13]
Grammar
Generally, Hebrew words are made by adding a vowel pattern to a root, though Israeli Hebrew has loanwords from many languages. People often need to study the grammar of Hebrew before they can read fluently without written vowels.
In Israeli Hebrew, the verb for "to be" has a future tense and a past tense but no present tense.[source?] In Biblical Hebrew, there are no tenses but only two aspects: perfective and imperfective.[source?] One way to describe this is a difference between past (perfective) and non-past (imperfective), though they can overlap. Biblical Hebrew has a special feature to explicitly mark a verb with somewhat of a future tense, which is the Vav Conversive.[page needed]
Mishnaic Hebrew and Judeo-Aramaic were spoken at the time of Jesus and the time of the Bar-Kokhba revolt.[page needed]
The Hebrew script was adapted to write Yiddish, which is a language that has Hebrew vocabulary and was adapted from German and a few other Indo-European languages.
| Aleph* | Bet | Gimel | Dalet | He | Vav | Zayin | Khet | Tet | Yud | Kaph |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| א | ב | ג | ד | ה | ו | ז | ח | ט | י | כ |
| ך | ||||||||||
| Lamed | Mem | Nun | Samekh | Ayin | Pe | Tsadi | Kuf | Resh | Shin | Tav |
| ל | מ | נ | ס | ע | פ | צ | ק | ר | ש | ת |
| ם | ן | ף | ץ |
Hebrew Language Media
The Shebna Inscription, from the tomb of a royal steward found in Siloam, dates to the 7th century BCE.
Hebrew script used in writing a Torah scroll. Note ornamental "crowns" on tops of certain letters.
Hebrew Alphabet in Rashi Script
A silver matchbox holder with inscription in Hebrew
Aleppo Codex: 10th century Hebrew Bible with Masoretic pointing (Joshua 1:1).
Kochangadi Synagogue in Kochi, India, dated to 1344
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
Hebrew, Arabic and English multilingual signs on an Israeli highway
Dual language Hebrew and English keyboard
Notes
Related pages
References
 |
This language has its own Wikipedia project. See the Hebrew language edition. |
- ↑ Sáenz-Badillos (1993)
- ↑ H. S. Nyberg 1952. Hebreisk Grammatik. s. 2. Reprinted in Sweden by Universitetstryckeriet, Uppsala, 2006.
- ↑ Basic Law: Israel – the Nation State of the Jewish People. The KnessetThe State of Israel. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ↑ Pisarek, Walery. The relationship between official and minority languages in PolandEuropean Federation of National Institutions for Language. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- ↑ Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions | South African Government. www.gov.za. Retrieved 2020-08-29.
- ↑ Yağmur, Kutlay. Turkish and other languages in Turkey. The Other Languages of Europe (2001). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. p. 407–427. ISBN 978-1-85359-510-3. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
- ↑ Zetler, Reyhan. Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?. Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung (23) (2014). p. 26. OCLC 865002828. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ↑ Toktaş, Şule. EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities (in en). East European Quarterly 40 (4) (2006). p. 489–519. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ↑ Bayır, Derya. Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law. Cultural Diversity and Law (2013). Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 89–90. ISBN 978-1-4094-7254-4. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ↑ Questions and Answers: Freedom of Expression and Language Rights in Turkey (April 2002). New York: Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ↑ [6][7][8][9][10]
- ↑ Hebrew | Foreign Languages | Monroe Community College. www.monroecc.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Zuckermann, Ghil'ad. Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew (2003). England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403917232.