Immunity (medical)
Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself from 'foreign bodies'. This means rejecting infections, clearing up dust which gets in the lungs, and killing cancer cells.
Immunity is of two types. Innate immunity protects the host against infection, but has no 'memory', and so gives no long-term immunity.
The second type is adaptive immunity, which does have a kind of 'memory'. It does give long-term protection against specific pathogens.
All animals, plants and fungi have some innate immunity. Vertebrates also have adaptive immunity.
People can be immunised from some diseases by having a vaccination (injection of some dead or weakened virus, or bacteria that causes the disease). Vaccination builds on the natural immune system to make a person resist certain diseases. By doing so, the body reacts more quickly to fight the virus/bacteria when it comes.
History of immunology
Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. The earliest known mention of immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time.[1]
In the 18th century, Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom.[2]
This and other observations of acquired immunity was later exploited by Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease.[3] Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory.
It was not until Robert Koch's 1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease.[4] Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed.[5]
Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century. Humoral immunity (antibodies) and cellular immunity (T cells and dendritic cells).[6] were all recognised.
Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich, who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction; his contributions to the understanding of humoral immunity were recognized by the award of a Nobel Prize in 1908, which was jointly awarded to the founder of cellular immunology, Elie Mechnikov.[7]
Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity is immunity that is done by macromolecules. Antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides are in extracellular fluids.
Cell-mediated immunity
This is an immune response which does not involve antibodies. Cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
Immunity (medical) Media
Scheme of a Fc receptor
Louis Pasteur in his laboratory, 1885, by Albert Edelfelt
One of the first bottles of diphtheria antitoxin produced (dated 1895)
The time course of an immune response. Due to the formation of immunological memory, reinfection at later time points leads to a rapid increase in antibody production and effector T cell activity. These later infections can be mild or even unapparent.
Poster from before the 1979 eradication of smallpox, promoting vaccination
References
- ↑ Retief FP, Cilliers L (January 1998). "The epidemic of Athens, 430-426 BC". South African Medical Journal. 88 (1): 50–3. PMID 9539938.
- ↑ Ostoya P (1954). "Maupertuis et la biologie". Revue d'histoire des sciences et de leurs applications. 7 (1): 60–78. doi:10.3406/rhs.1954.3379.
- ↑ Plotkin SA (April 2005). "Vaccines: past, present and future". Nature Medicine. 11 (4 Suppl): S5–11. doi:10.1038/nm1209. PMC 7095920. PMID 15812490.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 Nobelprize.org Accessed 8 January 2007.
- ↑ Major Walter Reed, Medical Corps, U.S. Army Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Accessed 8 January 2007.
- ↑ Metchnikoff, Elie; Translated by F.G. Binnie. (1905). Immunity in Infective Diseases (Full Text Version: Google Books). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0548-64719-4.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 Nobelprize.org Accessed 8 January 2007