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Jihad

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Ali and Hamza in single combat at the Battle of Badr, from Siyer-i Nabi, circa 1594

Jihad (/dʒɪˈhɑːd/; Arabic: جِهَادٌ [dʒiˈhaːd]) is an Arabic word which literally means "striving" or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim.[2][1][3][4] In an Islamic context, it can refer to holy war or almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with God's guidance, such as struggle against one's evil inclinations, proselytizing, or efforts toward the moral betterment of the Muslim community (Ummah),[2][1][5][6] though it is most frequently associated with war.[4][7] In classical Islamic law (sharia), the term refers to armed struggle against unbelievers,[1][3] while modernist Islamic scholars generally equate military jihad with defensive warfare.[8][9] In Sufi circles, spiritual and moral jihad has been traditionally emphasized under the name of greater jihad.[5][10][3] The term has gained additional attention in recent decades through its use by various insurgent Islamic extremist, militant Islamist, and terrorist individuals and organizations whose ideology is based on the Islamic notion of jihad.[5][7][11][12]

The word jihad appears frequently in the Qur'an with and without military connotations,[13] often in the idiomatic expression "striving in the path of God (al-jihad fi sabil Allah)",[14][15] conveying a sense of self-exertion.[16] Scholars developed an elaborate set of rules pertaining to jihad, including prohibitions on harming those who are not engaged in combat.[17][18] In the modern era, the notion of jihad has lost its jurisprudential relevance and instead given rise to an ideological and political discourse.[5][8] While modernist Islamic scholars have emphasized the defensive and non-military aspects of jihad, some Islamists have advanced aggressive interpretations that go beyond the classical theory.[8][12]

Jihad is classified into inner ("greater") jihad, which involves a struggle against one's own base impulses, and external ("lesser") jihad, which is further subdivided into jihad of the pen/tongue (debate or persuasion) and jihad of the sword.[5][19][10] Most Western writers consider external jihad to have primacy over inner jihad in the Islamic tradition, while much of contemporary Muslim opinion favors the opposite view.[19] Gallup analysis of a large survey reveals considerable nuance in the conceptions of jihad held by Muslims around the world.[20]

The sense of jihad as armed resistance was first used in the context of persecution faced by Muslims, as when Muhammad was at Mecca, when the community had two choices: emigration (hijra) or jihad.[21] In Twelver Shi'a Islam, jihad is one of the ten Practices of the Religion.[22] A person engaged in jihad is called a mujahid (plural: mujahideen). The term jihad is often rendered in English as "Holy War",[23][24][25] although this translation is controversial.[26][27] Today, the word jihad is often used without religious connotations, like the English crusade.[2][1]

It is an official part of Shia Islam, but it is not an official part of Sunni Islam, though some call it the sixth pillar of Islam. In some cases, there have been 'Jihads' that have self immolated themselves, in order to get into heaven. There are suicide bombers, who blow themselves up, because they think that it is right and that they are cleaning the world's filth. This is, however, wrong in Islam. It is a major sin to commit suicide or homicide without a good reason. Killing another human being in Islam is the equivalent of killing all of humanity if not done with a good reason. On the contrary, saving another human being's life is the equivalent of saving all of humanity.

The sense of jihad as armed resistance was first used in the context of persecution faced by Muslims, as when Muhammad was at Mecca, when the community had two choices: emigration (hijra) or jihad. In Twelver Shia Islam, jihad is one of the ten Practices of the Religion. A person engaged in jihad is called a mujahid (plural: mujahideen). The term jihad is often rendered in English as "Holy War", although this translation is controversial. Today, the word jihad is often used without religious connotations, like the English crusade.

Jihad Media

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Peters, Rudolph. Jihād (2014). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199739356. doi:10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Jihad (2014). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 D̲j̲ihād 2 (1965). Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0189.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Roy Jackson. What is Islamic philosophy? (2014)Routledge. p. 173. ISBN 978-1317814047.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Jihad (22 February 2018). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0045. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  6. ↑ Jihad (2013). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Badara, Mohamed. Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective. Arab Law Quarterly 31 (4) (November 2017). Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 305–335. doi:10.1163/15730255-12314024.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Wael B. Hallaq. Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (2009)Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. 334–38.
  9. ↑ Peters, Rudolph. Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History (2015)De Gruyter Mouton. p. 124. ISBN 9783110824858. doi:10.1515/9783110824858. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Rudolph Peters. Jihad 7 (2005)MacMillan Reference. p. 4917.
  11. ↑ Cook, David. Understanding Jihad (2015). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 93–127. ISBN 9780520287327.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Jalal, Ayesha. Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia (2009). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 239–240. ISBN 9780674039070. doi:10.4159/9780674039070-007.
  13. ↑ Al-Dawoody 2011, p. 56: Seventeen derivatives of jihād occur altogether forty-one times in eleven Meccan texts and thirty Medinan ones, with the following five meanings: striving because of religious belief (21), war (12), non-Muslim parents exerting pressure, that is, jihād, to make their children abandon Islam (2), solemn oaths (5), and physical strength (1).
  14. ↑ Morgan, Diane. Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice (2010)ABC-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN 978-0313360251. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  15. ↑ Medieval Islamic Civilization (2005)Routledge. ISBN 978-0415966900., Jihad, p. 419.
  16. ↑ Esposito 1988, p. 54.
  17. ↑ Bernard Lewis. Jihad vs. Crusade (27 September 2001)Opinionjournal.com. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  18. ↑ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya. Parity of Muslim and Western Concepts of Just War. The Muslim World 101 (3) (2011). p. 416. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01384.x.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Bonner 2006, p. 13.
  20. ↑ Burkholder, Richard. Jihad – 'Holy War', or Internal Spiritual Struggle? (3 December 2002)gallup.com. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  21. ↑ Esposito 1988, p. 30.
  22. ↑ Part 2: Islamic Practicesal-Islam.org. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  23. ↑ Lloyd Steffen, Lloyd. Holy War, Just War: Exploring the Moral Meaning of Religious Violence (2007)Rowman& Littlefield. p. 221. ISBN 978-1461637394.
  24. ↑ cf., e.g., Libya's Gaddafi urges 'holy war' against Switzerland. 26 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8537925.stm. Retrieved 27 March 2010. 
  25. ↑ Rudolph F. Peters, Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam (Brill, 1977), p. 3
  26. ↑ Crone, Patricia. Medieval Islamic Political Thought (2005)Edinburgh University Press. p. 363. ISBN 0-7486-2194-6. OCLC 61176687.
  27. ↑ Khaled Abou El Fadl stresses that the Islamic theological tradition did not have a notion of "Holy war" (in Arabic al-harb al-muqaddasa), which is not an expression used by the Quranic text or Muslim theologians. He further states that in Islamic theology, war is never holy; it is either justified or not. He then writes that the Quran does not use the word jihad to refer to warfare or fighting; such acts are referred to as qital. Source: Abou El Fadl, Khaled. The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists (23 January 2007)HarperOne. p. 222. ISBN 978-0061189036.


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