Justus Liebig
Justus Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and worked on the organization of organic chemistry.
Justus von Liebig | |
|---|---|
 Justus von Liebig c. 1860 | |
| Born | 12 May 1803 |
| Died | 18 April 1873 (aged 69) |
| Nationality | Hessian, then German |
| Alma mater | University of Bonn University of Erlangen |
| Known for | Invention of nitrogen-based fertiliser Law of the Minimum Liebig condenser |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Chemistry |
| Institutions | University of Giessen University of Munich |
Liebig was one of the greatest chemistry teachers of all time. At 21 he was appointed professor of chemistry at Giessen, recommended by Alexander von Humboldt. There he established the world's first major school of chemistry. He invented the chemical laboratory, and used it for teaching. He founded and edited the Annalen der Chemie, the leading German-language journal of chemistry.
Liebig invented new methods for the analysis of organic materials. He showed that, to grow, plants need (as well as water and sunlight) carbon dioxide, minerals and nitrogen compounds. He discovered that nitrogen was an essential plant nutrient, and invented the first nitrogen-based fertiliser. His Law of the Minimum stated that a plant's development is limited by the one essential mineral that is in the shortest supply. He described the effect of individual nutrients on crops.
Where others thought that organic chemicals were entirely separate fron inorganic ones, Liebig thought diffferently:
- "...the production of all organic substances no longer belongs just to the organism. It must be viewed as not only probable but as certain that we shall produce them in our laboratories. Sugar, salicin (aspirin), and morphine will be artificially produced". Liebig's textbooks were the standard for many years.
In 1835 he invented a process of silvering that greatly improved the quality of mirrors.
Liebig also developed a manufacturing process for beef extracts, and founded a company, Liebig Extract of Meat Company, that later trademarked the Oxo brand beef cube.
Liebig's work was closely followed in Britain, and he was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1840. His own country made him a Baron in 1845.
Justus Liebig Media
The young Liebig: 1843 lithograph after an 1821 painting (Liebighaus)
Justus von Liebig, by Wilhelm Trautschold, circa 1846
Liebig's laboratory at Giessen, by Wilhelm Trautschold
Liebig's laboratory, Chimistes Celebres, Liebig's Extract of Meat Company Trading Card, 1929
Drawing of apparatus from Liebig's Manuel pour l'analyse des substances organiques, 1848, Kaliapparat in lower right
Modern reproduction of the Kaliapparat apparatus
Modern Liebig condenser (left) and West condenser (right)
Liebig laboratory, Giessen
Liebig-Museum, the pharmaceutical laboratory, Giessen
Illustration zum "Minimum-Gesetz" nach Justus von Liebig - die Flüssigkeit in einem Fass kann nur so hoch steigen, wie die kürzeste Daube hoch ist.
