Kim Il-Sung
Kim Il Sung (Hangul: 김일성; Hanja: 金日成, <span title="Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Language/data/ISO 639 override' not found. transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Kim Il Sŏng; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the first leader of North Korea from 1948 until his death in 1994. His birth name was "Kim Song-ju". Kim created the Juche political idea. He ran North Korea differently than the Soviet Union and China.
Kim Il Sung | |
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김일성 | |
 Official Portrait, 1950 | |
| Supreme Leader of North Korea | |
| In office 9 September 1948 – 8 July 1994 Head of State: 15 August 1945 - 8 September 1948 | |
| Preceded by | Office established; Nobuyuki Abe as Governor-General of Korea |
| Succeeded by | Kim Jong-il |
| President of North Korea | |
| In office 28 December 1972 – 8 July 1994 | |
| Preceded by | Office established Choi Yong-kun, Head of State as President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished (Proclaimed Eternal President of the Republic after his death) |
| Prime Minister of North Korea | |
| In office 9 September 1948 – 28 December 1972 | |
| Preceded by | Office created |
| Succeeded by | Kim Il (Premier) |
| General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea | |
| In office 11 October 1966 – 8 July 1994 | |
| Preceded by | Himself as Chairman |
| Succeeded by | Kim Jong-il |
| Chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea | |
| In office 30 June 1949 – 11 October 1966 | |
| Preceded by | Kim Tu-bong |
| Succeeded by | Himself as General Secretary |
| Vice-Chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers’ Party of North Korea | |
| In office 28 August 1946 – 30 June 1949 | |
| Chairman | Kim Tu-bong |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Chairman of the North Korea Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea | |
| In office 17 December 1945 – 28 August 1946 | |
| General Secretary | Pak Hon-yong |
| Preceded by | Kim Yong-bom |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Kim Song-ju 15 April 1912 Mangyŏngdae, Heian-nandō, Japanese Korea |
| Died | 8 July 1994 (aged 82) Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| Resting place | Kumsusan Palace of the Sun, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| Nationality | North Korean |
| Political party | Workers’ Party of Korea |
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| Parents |
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| Relatives | Kim family |
| Residence | Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| Occupation | Eternal President of the Republic |
| Profession | President of North Korea |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
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| Years of service |
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| Rank | Dae wonsu (Grand Marshal) |
| Commands | All (supreme commander) |
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- In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.
By the late 1950s and during the 1960s and the 1970s, the North Korean economy preformed quite well and that many North Koreans enjoyed a higher standard of living than the South Koreans. By the 1980s however, the South started to take over. Despite this however, the North Korean economy still preformed quite well until the Fall of the Soviet Union, North Korea's biggest trading partner in 1991 where the North Korean economy declined and fell far behind the South. Kim died of a heart attack on 8 July 1994. He was succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-il.
Kim Il Sung's name means "one who becomes the sun".[1] There are more than 300 statues of Kim Il Sung in North Korea. [2]
Early Life and Career
Kim Il-Sung was Born Kim Song-ju on April 15, 1912 in the area of what is now Pyongyang during the Occupation of Korea by Japan. His Family participated in Anti-Japanese Resistance by Korea nationalists around the time when Kim was Born. Kim and his Family fled to Manchuria. During his Time in Manchuria, Kim was exposed to Marxism literature and joined Guerrilla activities against the Japanese by the late 1920s and early 1930s.
Resistance to Japan
During the Japanese occupation of Korea, Kim Il Sung was involved with numerous opposition guerrilla groups.
Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
In 1945, after the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, the United States bombed Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, severely weakening the Japanese Empire. The Soviet Red Army entered Japanese-Korea and captured Pyongyang with little difficulty. They made Kim Il Sung the leader of the North Korean branch of the Korean Communist Party and supplied him with modern Soviet tanks, trucks, arms and artillery for the Korean People's Army (KPA). The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was declared on September 8, 1948 despite UN resistance. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin installed Kim as leader of the new state. The southern portion of the Korean Peninsula declared itself the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in retaliation. Statues of Kim appeared in North Korea as early as 1949.
Korean War
The Soviet Union recognized Kim's regime as having sovereignty over the whole Korea, including the south. It is generally accepted that Kim invaded the south by his own decision and that the Soviets did not influence him. The south was caught completely by surprise when Kim's army invade in the early morning of June 25, 1950. The KPA captured Seoul and most of the south apart from Pusan in the south-east. UN forces backed mostly by the United States landed in Korea and began to push the KPA back north. Firstly, the UN forces managed to push the KPA back behind the 38th parallel (the imaginary line that divided the Koreas during the war). The newly formed People's Republic of China was at first reluctant to the idea that the Koreas would be reunited under Kim's regime but accepted when Kim told them that Stalin approved the invasion.
It was put to a UN vote on whether UN forces should attempt to gain control of Korea under democratic rule. The motion was passed since the Soviet Union was not present during the vote. Had the Soviets vetoed the proposal, the UN forces would not have been able to press further into Korea. Eventually UN forces captured Pyongyang and Kim's government was forced to flee north over the Yalu River into China. The Chinese army mobilized and eventually crossed the Yalu River and fought alongside the KPA and Red Army against US, British and UN forces. Eventually they reached a stalemate since neither force could gain full sovereignty of the peninsula. An armistice was signed on July 27, 1953 ending three years of fighting and established the two sovereign nations of North Korea and South Korea. Since no peace treaty was signed, the two Koreas are technically still in a state of war with each other.
Leader of North Korea
During the early years, North Korea was ahead of its southern neighbor economically; most likely due to Soviet and Chinese aid. Kim installed a centrally-planned Soviet-style command economy. The means of production was controlled by the government and food prices were fixed instead of being allowed to rise and fall like in a market system. Kim Il Sung formally became leader of North Korea with the establishment of the constitution of the DPRK in 1972 which identified him as President of the republic.
Cult of personality
To coincide with Kim Il Sung's seventieth birthday in 1982, a 170m tall tower called the Juche Tower was built. It was made up from 25,550 stone blocks; one for each day of Kim's life.
It is a legal requirement to have a portrait of him, alongside his son Kim Jong Il, hanging in one's home. Everyone is issued a special cloth to dust and clean the portraits.
In the 1980s a calcium deposit developed on the back of Kim Il Sung's neck. It swelled up to the size of an orange at its greatest extent. It was quickly determined that an operation to remove it was not possible due to its close proximity to his spine. North Korean reporters were thereafter forbidden to photograph Kim Il Sung from the right.
In 1997 with Kim Jong Il fully consolidating his power after the death of his father, North Korea abandoned the Gregorian calendar that is used in the rest of the world. Instead they use the Juche calendar which starts from the year of Kim Il Sung's birth (1912) as being year 1. For example, 2015 would be written as Juche 104. To calculate the date in Juche years, simply subtract 1911 from the current year. Dates are often written in North Korea with Juche first; for example: April 12, Juche 104 (2015).
Later rule
In the early 1990s, North Korea began to experience a famine, labelled as the 'Great Famine'. At the same time the Soviet Union was going through serious economic and social changes as well as suffering a stagnating economy. The Soviets, who had supplied the DPRK with food amongst other things since the late 1940s, began to demand the North Koreans to pay them back; money that the DPRK did not posses. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and food aid stopped almost immediately. Kim Il Sung's centrally planned economic system, where the government plans the economic output in advance, proved to be too inflexible to avoid the economic disaster. On the 8th of July 1994, Kim Il Sung had a heart attack and died shortly afterwards, leaving his country severely bankrupt, malnourished and isolated.
A mourning period was declared after he died and did not officially end until 1997; three years after death. His son, the long-groomed successor, Kim Jong Il succeeded him as supreme leader of North Korea. Kim Jong Il did not become president since Il-Sung was given the honorary title of 'Eternal President'. Instead he was named General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (leader of the ruling party). North Korea is therefore the world's only country that is technically led by a dead man.
State propaganda portrayed Kim Il Sung as a god to the people and when he died many people felt lost, distressed and confused as many believed that he could not die.
Kim Il-Sung Media
Members of the 88th Separate Rifle Brigade, an international military unit of the Red Army, in 1943. Kim is sitting in the front row, second from the right.
Kim Il Sung (center) and Kim Tu-bong (second from the right) at the joint meeting of the New People's Party and the Workers' Party of North Korea in Pyongyang, 28 August 1946
Kim during the 1946 North Korean local elections campaign
Kim's official portrait in 1948
Kim signs the Korean Armistice Agreement
Kim on a 1956 visit to East Germany, chatting with painter Otto Nagel and Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl
Kim and Romanian president Nicolae Ceaușescu at Moranbong Stadium, 1978
References
- ↑ Bradley K. Martin (2004). Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0312323220.
- ↑ Portal, Jane; British Museum (2005). Art under control in North Korea. Reaktion Books. p. 82. ISBN 978-1861892362.