Nigerian Civil War

Nigerian Civil War
	Part of the Cold War and the decolonisation of Africa
	330px; Biafran soldiers marching during the war
Date	6 July 1967 – 15 January 1970; (2 years, 6 months, 1 week and 2 days)
Location	Southeastern Nigeria
Result	Nigerian victory Dissolution of the Republic of Biafra; Four regions of Nigeria replaced by 12 states;
Belligerents
Nigeria	Template:Country data Biafra
Supported by:	Supported by:
Commanders and leaders
Hassan Katsina; Mohammed Shuwa; Benjamin Adekunle; Theophilus Danjuma; Shehu Musa Yar'Adua; Yakubu Gowon; Murtala Mohammed; Olusegun Obasanjo; Muhammadu Buhari; Ibrahim Babangida (WIA); Sani Abacha;	Template:Country data Biafra C. Odumegwu Ojukwu; Template:Country data Biafra Philip Effiong; Template:Country data Biafra Albert Okonkwo; Template:Country data Biafra Victor Banjo ; Template:Country data Biafra Ogbugo Kalu; Template:Country data Biafra Joseph Achuzie; Template:Country data Biafra Timothy Onwuatuegwu †; Template:Country data Biafra Humphrey Chukwuka; Foreign mercenaries:
Units involved
Nigeria Armed Forces	Template:Country data Biafra Foreign mercenaries;
Strength
85,000–150,000 (1967); 250,000 (1968); 200,000–250,000 (1970);	10,000–100,000 (1967); 110,000 (1968); 50,000–100,000 (1970);
Casualties and losses
	45,000–100,000 combatants killed 2,000,000 Biafran civilians died from famine during the Nigerian naval blockade 2,000,000–4,500,000 displaced, 500,000 of whom fled abroad

The Nigerian Civil War was a civil war fought between the government of Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra.

"Food was cut off from the 13 million inhabitants of Biafra"; Furthermore, "At the height of the war, an estimated 10,000 people (including 6,000 children) died from starvation every day".^[14]

Nigerian Civil War Media

The new republic adopted the Flag of Biafra which was unveiled on 30 May 1967.
The proposed break-up of the East, West and Northern regions following Gowon's military decree.
Flag of the Republic of Benin
Lynn Garrison in cockpit of his F4U-7 Corsair 1966
Control over petroleum in the Niger Delta was a paramount military objective during the war.
A makeshift airport in Calabar, Nigeria, where relief efforts to aid famine victims were deployed by helicopter teams.
Malmö MFI-9 Biafra Baby two-view silhouette
New Nigerian newspaper page 7 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra. "Owerri is now captured. Ojukwu flees his enclave." Photographs of the military Obasanjo, Jallo, Bissalo, Gowon.

Notes

↑ Diplomatic support, arms, and shared military intelligence
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Diplomatic support and arms
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Air support
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Diplomatic support
↑ France provided Biafra with arms, mercenaries, and other logistical support during the war. It also led the international movement in support of Biafran independence, although it never recognised Biafra.

References

↑ "Nigeria's Northern Elders Forum: Keeping the Igbo is Not Worth a Civil War". Council on Foreign Relations.
↑ Nkwocha, 2010: 156
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Karl DeRouen & U. K. Heo (2007). Civil wars of the world: Major conflicts since World War II. Tomo I. Santa Bárbara: ABC CLIO, p. 569. ISBN 978-1-85109-919-1.
↑ Biafran War. GlobalSecurity.org.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Phillips, Charles, & Alan Axelrod (2005). "Nigerian-Biafran War". Encyclopedia of Wars. Tomo II. New York: Facts On File, Inc., ISBN 978-0-8160-2853-5.
↑ Dr. Onyema Nkwocha (2010). The Republic of Biafra: Once Upon a Time in Nigeria: My Story of the Biafra-Nigerian Civil War – A Struggle for Survival (1967–1970). Bloomington: AuthorHouse, p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4520-6867-1.
↑ West Africa. Londres: Afrimedia International, 1969, p. 1565. "Malnutrition affects adults less than children, half of whom have now died, reports Debrel, who also describes the reorganisation of the Biafran army after the 1968 defeats, making it a 'political' army of 110,000 men; its automatic weapons, ..."
↑ Stan Chu Ilo (2006). The Face of Africa: Looking Beyond the Shadows. Bloomington: AuthorHouse, p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4208-9705-0.
↑ Paul R. Bartrop (2012). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide. Santa Bárbara: ABC-CLIO, p. 107. ISBN 978-0-313-38679-4.
↑ Bridgette Kasuka (2012). Prominent African Leaders Since Independence. Bankole Kamara Taylor, p. 331. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.
↑ Stevenson 2014, p. 314: "The mass killing during the Nigeria-Biafra War was the result of a 'deliberately imposed economic blockade on the inhabitants of Nigeria's southeastern region by the country's federal government' that led to an induced 'famine in which over two million people died of starvation and related diseases.'"
↑ Godfrey Mwakikagile (2001). Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria. Huntington: Nova Publishers, p. 176. ISBN 978-1-56072-967-9.
↑ DeRouen & Heo, 2007: 570
↑ https://www.concern.net/news/hunger-as-a-weapon-of-war-timeline. Retrieved 2023-08-09

This short article about the military can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

[1] Diplomatic support, arms, and shared military intelligence

[dip_arm-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Diplomatic support and arms

[air-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Air support

[dip-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Diplomatic support

[5] France provided Biafra with arms, mercenaries, and other logistical support during the war. It also led the international movement in support of Biafran independence, although it never recognised Biafra.

[6] "Nigeria's Northern Elders Forum: Keeping the Igbo is Not Worth a Civil War". Council on Foreign Relations.

[REF0-7] Nkwocha, 2010: 156

[REF00-8] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Karl DeRouen & U. K. Heo (2007). Civil wars of the world: Major conflicts since World War II. Tomo I. Santa Bárbara: ABC CLIO, p. 569. ISBN 978-1-85109-919-1.

[REF000-9] Biafran War. GlobalSecurity.org.

[REF12-10] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Phillips, Charles, & Alan Axelrod (2005). "Nigerian-Biafran War". Encyclopedia of Wars. Tomo II. New York: Facts On File, Inc., ISBN 978-0-8160-2853-5.

[REF2002-11] Dr. Onyema Nkwocha (2010). The Republic of Biafra: Once Upon a Time in Nigeria: My Story of the Biafra-Nigerian Civil War – A Struggle for Survival (1967–1970). Bloomington: AuthorHouse, p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4520-6867-1.

[12] West Africa. Londres: Afrimedia International, 1969, p. 1565. "Malnutrition affects adults less than children, half of whom have now died, reports Debrel, who also describes the reorganisation of the Biafran army after the 1968 defeats, making it a 'political' army of 110,000 men; its automatic weapons, ..."

[13] Stan Chu Ilo (2006). The Face of Africa: Looking Beyond the Shadows. Bloomington: AuthorHouse, p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4208-9705-0.

[14] Paul R. Bartrop (2012). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide. Santa Bárbara: ABC-CLIO, p. 107. ISBN 978-0-313-38679-4.

[REF14-15] Bridgette Kasuka (2012). Prominent African Leaders Since Independence. Bankole Kamara Taylor, p. 331. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.

[16] Stevenson 2014, p. 314: "The mass killing during the Nigeria-Biafra War was the result of a 'deliberately imposed economic blockade on the inhabitants of Nigeria's southeastern region by the country's federal government' that led to an induced 'famine in which over two million people died of starvation and related diseases.'"

[17] Godfrey Mwakikagile (2001). Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria. Huntington: Nova Publishers, p. 176. ISBN 978-1-56072-967-9.

[18] DeRouen & Heo, 2007: 570

[19] ttps://www.concern.net/news/hunger-as-a-weapon-of-war-timeline. Retrieved 2023-08-09

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