Night of the Long Knives

Franz von Papen and Kurt von Schleicher helped the Nazis. They were not SA, but Hitler disliked them and the SS killed them.

The Night of the Long Knives (German:  Nacht der langen Messer (info • help)) or "Operation Hummingbird" (Kolibri) was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany. It happened between 30 June and 2 July 1934 when the Nazi regime executed at least 90 people and an estimated 200 for political reasons. Most of those killed were members of the "Storm Troopers" (SA) (German: Sturmabteilung).

Adolf Hitler moved against the SA and its leader, Ernst Röhm, because he saw the independence of the SA and the penchant of its members for street violence as a direct threat to his power. Hitler also wanted to forestall any move by leaders of the Reichswehr, the German military, who both feared and despised the SA, to curtail his rule, especially since Röhm made no secret of his ambition to absorb the Reichswehr with himself at its head. Adolf Hitler also killed them because the were becoming difficult to control and he was worried that they would branch off and want independence to carry out more radical ideas.

Finally, Hitler used the purge to go against conservative critics of his regime, especially those loyal to Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen, and to settle scores with old enemies, such as Kurt von Schleicher. Ernst Röhm was arrested on June 30 by the SS (lead by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and deputy SS-Obergruppenfuhrer Reinhard Heydrich) and was killed by General Josef Sepp Dietrich,Theodor Eicke and Michael Lippert .

Night Of The Long Knives Media

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  SA leader Ernst Röhm in Bavaria in 1934

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  Franz von Papen, the conservative vice-chancellor who ran afoul of Hitler after denouncing the regime's failure to rein in the SA in his Marburg speech. The photo was taken in 1946 at the Nuremberg trials.

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  SS-Brigadeführer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Bavarian police and SD, in Munich, 1934

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  SA-Obergruppenführer August Schneidhuber , chief of the Munich police, 1930

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  Hotel Lederer am See (former Kurheim Hanselbauer) in Bad Wiessee before its planned demolition in 2017

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  General Kurt von Schleicher, Hitler's predecessor as Chancellor, in uniform, 1932

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  Gregor Strasser in 1928

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  Gustav Ritter von Kahr in 1920

Other websites

• The night of long Knives Archived 2004-10-12 at the Wayback Machine