Orogeny

Mount Cook, New Zealand. It lies in the Southern Alps, the mountain range which runs the length of the South Island. New Zealand sits on top of the junction of two oceanic plates.

Even when mountains are worn down, the evidence is there in the remaining rocks. Millook, Cornwall

Orogeny is the process of mountain-building. It takes place when two tectonic plates come together. Orogens develop while a continental plate is crumpled and thickened to form mountain ranges, and involve a great range of geological processes collectively called orogenesis.^[1]^[2]

A convergent boundary is a frequent cause:

Where a continent rides over an oceanic plate (non-collisional):
- Andes in South America
Where two continental plates converge (collide):
- Alps
- Himalayas

Another, less common cause is when a plate moves over a hot spot in the Earth's mantle. Examples:

Hawaiian chain of islands
Yellowstone National Park

There is a third process, called delamination. Here an unstable portion of cold root of the lithosphere drips down into the mantle, decreasing the density of the lithosphere and causing buoyant uplift. Example:

The Sierra Nevada in California.

Areas that are rifting apart, such as mid-ocean ridges and the East African Rift have mountains due to thermal buoyancy caused by the hot mantle underneath them, which pushes them up. This thermal buoyancy is known as dynamic topography. Examples:

Variscan orogeny: older mountain belts caused by the formation of Pangaea.

Orogeny Media

Subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate to form an accretionary orogen (example: the Andes)
Continental collision of two continental plates to form a collisional orogen. Typically, continental crust is subducted to lithospheric depths for blueschist to eclogite facies metamorphism, and then exhumed along the same subduction channel. (example: the Himalayas)
Foreland Basin System
An example of thin-skinned deformation (thrust faulting) of the Sevier Orogeny in Montana. The white Madison Limestone is repeated, with one example in the foreground (that pinches out with distance) and another to the upper right corner and top of the picture.
Sierra Nevada Mountains (a result of delamination) as seen from the International Space Station
Mount Rundle, Banff, Alberta

References

↑ Tony Waltham (2009). Foundations of engineering geology (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 20. ISBN 978-0415469593.
↑ Philip Kearey, Keith A. Klepeis, Frederick J. Vine (2009). "Chapter 10: Orogenic belts". Global tectonics (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 287. ISBN 978-1405107778.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Waltham-1] Tony Waltham (2009). Foundations of engineering geology (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 20. ISBN 978-0415469593.

[Vine-2] Philip Kearey, Keith A. Klepeis, Frederick J. Vine (2009). "Chapter 10: Orogenic belts". Global tectonics (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 287. ISBN 978-1405107778.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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