Sirimavo Bandaranaike
Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike[1] (17 April 1916 – 10 October 2000) was a Sri Lankan politician. She served as prime minister three times and was the leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. She was the first female to be elected head of government in the world.[2] Bandaranaike was the widow of a previous prime minister, Solomon Bandaranaike, who was murdered in 1959. Her policies were based in socialism and similar to her husband's. All three of their children later served in the Sri Lankan government.[3][4]
Sirimavo Bandaranaike | |
|---|---|
_(Hon.Sirimavo_Bandaranaike_with_Hon.Lalith_Athulathmudali_Crop).jpg) | |
| Prime Minister of Sri Lanka | |
| In office 14 November 1994 – 10 August 2000 | |
| President | Chandrika Kumaratunga |
| Preceded by | Chandrika Kumaratunga |
| Succeeded by | Ratnasiri Wickremanayake |
| In office 22 May 1972 – 23 July 1977 | |
| President | William Gopallawa |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Junius Jayewardene |
| Prime Minister of Ceylon | |
| In office 29 May 1970 – 22 May 1972 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Governor General | William Gopallawa |
| Preceded by | Dudley Senanayake |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| In office 21 July 1960 – 27 March 1965 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Governor General | Oliver Goonetilleke William Gopallawa |
| Preceded by | Dudley Senanayake |
| Succeeded by | Dudley Senanayake |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 17 April 1916 British Ceylon |
| Died | 10 October 2000 (aged 84) Colombo, Sri Lanka |
| Political party | Sri Lanka Freedom Party |
| Spouse(s) | Solomon Bandaranaike (1940–1959) |
She spent 40 years in political office. She resigned on 10 August 2000. Exactly two months later she died, aged 84, of a heart attack.[2]
Family life
Sirimavo Bandaranaike was born on 17 April 1916, as Sirimavo Ratwatte. Her family was part of the aristocracy. She was a Buddhist, but went to school at a convent in Colombo, Sri Lanka, where she was taught by Roman Catholic nuns. In 1940, she married Solomon Bandaranaike, who was a member of parliament at the time. He became prime minister in 1956 as the leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP).[2] Sirimavo and Solomon had three children, Chandrika, Sunethra and Anura.
Political career
Sirimavo did not begin a career in politics until after her husband was shot dead on 26 September 1959.[2] She was named successor to her husband's leadership of the party. She led that party to win elections in July 1960, promising to continue her husband's policies. Bandaranaike became Prime Minister on 21 July 1960. She was the first female prime minister in the world, and the first woman to be elected head of government.[2][5]
Bandaranaike was a socialist. She continued her husband's policies of nationalising major sectors of the economy. She also brought all schools that were owned by the Roman Catholic Church under the government's control.[6] The most famous of her early policies was the Sinhala Only Act, also started by her husband but never finished. This included a plan to repatriate, send Tamil residents to India (get them Indian citizenship and deport them). It also made Sinhala the state's only official language by removing English. This was seen as discriminatory and was the beginning of human rights protests and Tamil militancy.
The government's takeover of foreign businesses, particularly petroleum companies, upset Britain and the United States, who both ended aid to Sri Lanka. As a result, Bandaranaike made a closer relationship with China and the Soviet Union. In 1962, Christian officers of the military made an unsuccessful attempt at a coup d'état. Bandaranaike lost a vote of confidence in 1964, and her party was defeated in the resulting elections in 1965.[3] Before she was replaced, Bandaranaike's government signed an agreement with India over the status of about one million Tamils: 600,000 were to be granted Indian citizenship and repatriated, and 375,000 were to be granted Sri Lankan citizenship.
Bandaranaike became prime minister again in the 1970 elections. military aid from India and Pakistan.
A new constitution was introduced in 1972. The monarchy was abolished, and the Commonwealth realm known as Ceylon was replaced by the modern republic of Sri Lanka. The President of Sri Lanka replaced Queen Elizabeth II as head of state.
During her second term, Bandaranaike became more and more intolerant of criticism. She forced critical media outlets to shut down. She also nationalised the country's largest newspaper, Lake House. Bandaranaike was chosen chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1976. Despite success in foreign affairs, she was losing popular support in Sri Lanka very quickly. Her government was accused of corruption while the economy was quickly declining. Elections were scheduled to be held in 1975, but Bandaranaike used a clause of the new constitution to delay them indefinitely. The elections took place in 1977, and her party was defeated severely. In 1980, Bandaranaike was charged with abusing her power for delaying the elections. She was forced out of her seat in parliament and banned from public office for seven years.
Bandaranaike stayed as leader of the SLFP despite losing every general election in the next ten years. Her party led a coalition (the People's Alliance) to win the general elections in 1994. Bandaranaike's daughter, Chandrika, became prime minister, and was then elected president the same year.[7] Bandaranaike became prime minister again, but the constitution had changed since her last term. As prime minister she was now subordinate to her daughter, the President. She stayed in office until a few months before her death, but had little real power. She resigned on 10 August 2000. Exactly two months later she died, aged 84, of a heart attack.[2]
Sirimavo Bandaranaike Media
Horagolla Walawwa, the Bandaranaike ancestral manor
The Old Parliament Building in Colombo, where the House of Representatives met beginning in 1947
Bandaranaike praying in a 1962 photograph described as the "Praying Premier" by the Associated Press
Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Ceylon, 1961
Bandaranaike with Soviet Union Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin, Senior Advisor (Foreign Affairs) to the Prime Minister Tissa Wijeyeratne and Anura Bandaranaike
Bandaranaike Samadhi (where S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike and Sirimavo Bandaranaike were entombed) at Horagolla, Sri Lanka
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References
- ↑ Sinhala: සිරිමාවෝ රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක. Tamil: சிறிமாவோ ரத்வத்த டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்க.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "1960: Ceylon chooses world's first woman PM". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Sirimavo Bandaranaike: First woman premier". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 10 October 2000. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ↑ "Sirimavo R.D. Bandaranaike (prime minister of Sri Lanka)". BRITANNICA-Online.
- ↑ Webley, Kayla (15 November 2010). "Brief History: Female Heads of Government". Time. Time Inc. Archived from the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ↑ Sinhala Without Tears Archived 2013-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, TIME Magazine, May 5, 1961
- ↑ Dugger, Celia. "Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka Dies at 84; First Woman Premier". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Other websites
- Website of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
- Sirimavo Bandaranaike, The Telegraph
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Dudley Senanayake |
Prime Minister of Ceylon 1960–1965 |
Succeeded by Dudley Senanayake |
| Prime Minister of Ceylon 1970–1972 |
Position abolished | |
| New office | Prime Minister of Sri Lanka 1972–1977 |
Succeeded by Junius Richard Jayewardene |
| Preceded by Chandrika Kumaratunga |
Prime Minister of Sri Lanka 1994–2000 |
Succeeded by Ratnasiri Wickremanayake |